WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.2

Abstract

This document provides readers with an understanding of how to use WAI-ARIA 1.2 [WAI-ARIA] to create accessible rich internet applications. It describes considerations that might not be evident to most authors from the WAI-ARIA specification alone and recommends approaches to make widgets, navigation, and behaviors accessible using WAI-ARIA roles, states, and properties. This document is directed primarily to Web application developers, but the guidance is also useful for user agent and assistive technology developers.

This document is part of the WAI-ARIA suite described in the WAI-ARIA Overview.

3. Design Patterns and Widgets

This section demonstrates how to make common rich internet application patterns and widgets accessible by applying WAI-ARIA roles, states, and properties and implementing keyboard support.

3.1 Accordion (Sections With Show/Hide Functionality)

An accordion is a vertically stacked set of interactive headings that each contain a title, content snippet, or thumbnail representing a section of content. The headings function as controls that enable users to reveal or hide their associated sections of content. Accordions are commonly used to reduce the need to scroll when presenting multiple sections of content on a single page.

Terms for understanding accordions include:

Accordion Header:: Label for or thumbnail representing a section of content that also serves as a control for showing, and in some implementations, hiding the section of content.
Accordion Panel:: Section of content associated with an accordion header.

In some accordions, there are additional elements that are always visible adjacent to the accordion header. For instance, a menubutton may accompany each accordion header to provide access to actions that apply to that section. And, in some cases, a snippet of the hidden content may also be visually persistent.

Example

Accordion Example: demonstrates a form divided into three sections using an accordion to show one section at a time.

Keyboard Interaction

Enter or Space:
- When focus is on the accordion header for a collapsed panel, expands the associated panel. If the implementation allows only one panel to be expanded, and if another panel is expanded, collapses that panel.
- When focus is on the accordion header for an expanded panel, collapses the panel if the implementation supports collapsing. Some implementations require one panel to be expanded at all times and allow only one panel to be expanded; so, they do not support a collapse function.
Tab: Moves focus to the next focusable element; all focusable elements in the accordion are included in the page Tab sequence.
Shift + Tab: Moves focus to the previous focusable element; all focusable elements in the accordion are included in the page Tab sequence.
Down Arrow (Optional): If focus is on an accordion header, moves focus to the next accordion header. If focus is on the last accordion header, either does nothing or moves focus to the first accordion header.
Up Arrow (Optional): If focus is on an accordion header, moves focus to the previous accordion header. If focus is on the first accordion header, either does nothing or moves focus to the last accordion header.
Home (Optional): When focus is on an accordion header, moves focus to the first accordion header.
End (Optional): When focus is on an accordion header, moves focus to the last accordion header.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties:

The title of each accordion header is contained in an element with role button.
Each accordion header button is wrapped in an element with role heading that has a value set for aria-level that is appropriate for the information architecture of the page.
- If the native host language has an element with an implicit heading and aria-level, such as an HTML heading tag, a native host language element may be used.
- The button element is the only element inside the heading element. That is, if there are other visually persistent elements, they are not included inside the heading element.
If the accordion panel associated with an accordion header is visible, the header button element has aria-expanded set to true. If the panel is not visible, aria-expanded is set to false.
The accordion header button element has aria-controls set to the ID of the element containing the accordion panel content.
If the accordion panel associated with an accordion header is visible, and if the accordion does not permit the panel to be collapsed, the header button element has aria-disabled set to true.
Optionally, each element that serves as a container for panel content has role region and aria-labelledby with a value that refers to the button that controls display of the panel.
- Avoid using the region role in circumstances that create landmark region proliferation, e.g., in an accordion that contains more than approximately 6 panels that can be expanded at the same time.
- Role region is especially helpful to the perception of structure by screen reader users when panels contain heading elements or a nested accordion.

3.2 Alert

An alert is an element that displays a brief, important message in a way that attracts the user's attention without interrupting the user's task. Dynamically rendered alerts are automatically announced by most screen readers, and in some operating systems, they may trigger an alert sound. It is important to note that, at this time, screen readers do not inform users of alerts that are present on the page before page load completes.

Because alerts are intended to provide important and potentially time-sensitive information without interfering with the user's ability to continue working, it is crucial they do not affect keyboard focus. The alert dialog is designed for situations where interrupting work flow is necessary.

It is also important to avoid designing alerts that disappear automatically. An alert that disappears too quickly can lead to failure to meet WCAG 2.0 success criterion 2.2.3. Another critical design consideration is the frequency of interruption caused by alerts. Frequent interruptions inhibit usability for people with visual and cognitive disabilities, which makes meeting the requirements of WCAG 2.0 success criterion 2.2.4 more difficult.

Example

Alert Example

Keyboard Interaction

Not applicable.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The widget has a role of alert.

3.3 Alert and Message Dialogs

An alert dialog is a modal dialog that interrupts the user's workflow to communicate an important message and acquire a response. Examples include action confirmation prompts and error message confirmations. The alertdialog role enables assistive technologies and browsers to distinguish alert dialogs from other dialogs so they have the option of giving alert dialogs special treatment, such as playing a system alert sound.

Example

Alert Dialog Example: A confirmation prompt that demonstrates an alert dialog.

Keyboard Interaction

See the keyboard interaction section for the modal dialog pattern.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that contains all elements of the dialog, including the alert message and any dialog buttons, has role alertdialog.
The element with role alertdialog has either:
- A value for aria-labelledby that refers to the element containing the title of the dialog if the dialog has a visible label.
- A value for aria-label if the dialog does not have a visible label.
The element with role alertdialog has a value set for aria-describedby that refers to the element containing the alert message.

3.5 Button

A button is a widget that enables users to trigger an action or event, such as submitting a form, opening a dialog, canceling an action, or performing a delete operation. A common convention for informing users that a button launches a dialog is to append "…" (ellipsis) to the button label, e.g., "Save as…".

In addition to the ordinary button widget, WAI-ARIA supports 2 other types of buttons:

Toggle button: A two-state button that can be either off (not pressed) or on (pressed). To tell assistive technologies that a button is a toggle button, specify a value for the attribute aria-pressed. For example, a button labelled mute in an audio player could indicate that sound is muted by setting the pressed state true. Important: it is critical the label on a toggle does not change when its state changes. In this example, when the pressed state is true, the label remains "Mute" so a screen reader would say something like "Mute toggle button pressed". Alternatively, if the design were to call for the button label to change from "Mute" to "Unmute," the aria-pressed attribute would not be needed.
Menu button: as described in the menu button pattern, a button is revealed to assistive technologies as a menu button if it has the property aria-haspopup set to either menu or true.

Note

The types of actions performed by buttons are distinctly different from the function of a link (see link pattern). It is important that both the appearance and role of a widget match the function it provides. Nevertheless, elements occasionally have the visual style of a link but perform the action of a button. In such cases, giving the element role button helps assistive technology users understand the function of the element. However, a better solution is to adjust the visual design so it matches the function and ARIA role.

Examples

Button Examples: Examples of clickable HTML div and span elements made into accessible command and toggle buttons.
Button Examples (IDL): Examples of clickable HTML div and span elements made into accessible command and toggle buttons. This example uses the IDL Interface.

Keyboard Interaction

When the button has focus:

Space: Activates the button.
Enter: Activates the button.
Following button activation, focus is set depending on the type of action the button performs. For example:
- If activating the button opens a dialog, the focus moves inside the dialog. (see dialog pattern)
- If activating the button closes a dialog, focus typically returns to the button that opened the dialog unless the function performed in the dialog context logically leads to a different element. For example, activating a cancel button in a dialog returns focus to the button that opened the dialog. However, if the dialog were confirming the action of deleting the page from which it was opened, the focus would logically move to a new context.
- If activating the button does not dismiss the current context, then focus typically remains on the button after activation, e.g., an Apply or Recalculate button.
- If the button action indicates a context change, such as move to next step in a wizard or add another search criteria, then it is often appropriate to move focus to the starting point for that action.
- If the button is activated with a shortcut key, the focus usually remains in the context from which the shortcut key was activated. For example, if Alt + U were assigned to an "Up" button that moves the currently focused item in a list one position higher in the list, pressing Alt + U when the focus is in the list would not move the focus from the list.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The button has role of button.
The button has an accessible label. By default, the accessible name is computed from any text content inside the button element. However, it can also be provided with aria-labelledby or aria-label.
If a description of the button's function is present, the button element has aria-describedby set to the ID of the element containing the description.
When the action associated with a button is unavailable, the button has aria-disabled set to true.
If the button is a toggle button, it has an aria-pressed state. When the button is toggled on, the value of this state is true, and when toggled off, the state is false.

3.6 Carousel (Slide Show or Image Rotator)

A carousel presents a set of items, referred to as slides, by sequentially displaying a subset of one or more slides. Typically, one slide is displayed at a time, and users can activate a next or previous slide control that hides the current slide and "rotates" the next or previous slide into view. In some implementations, rotation automatically starts when the page loads, and it may also automatically stop once all the slides have been displayed. While a slide may contain any type of content, image carousels where each slide contains nothing more than a single image are common.

Ensuring all users can easily control and are not adversely effected by slide rotation is an essential aspect of making carousels accessible. For instance, the screen reader experience can be confusing and disorienting if slides that are not visible on screen are incorrectly hidden, e.g., displayed off-screen. Similarly, if slides rotate automatically and a screen reader user is not aware of the rotation, the user may read an element on slide one, execute the screen reader command for next element, and, instead of hearing the next element on slide one, hear an element from slide 2 without any knowledge that the element just announced is from an entirely new context.

Features needed to provide sufficient rotation control include:

Buttons for displaying the previous and next slides.
Optionally, a control, or group of controls, for choosing a specific slide to display. For example, slide picker controls can be marked up as tabs in a tablist with the slide represented by a tabpanel element.
If the carousel can automatically rotate, it also:
- Has a button for stopping and restarting rotation. This is particularly important for supporting assistive technologies operating in a mode that does not move either keyboard focus or the mouse.
- Stops rotating when keyboard focus enters the carousel. It does not restart unless the user explicitly requests it to do so.
- Stops rotating whenever the mouse is hovering over the carousel.

Examples

Auto-Rotating Image Carousel with Buttons for Slide Control: A basic image carousel that demonstrates the accessibility features necessary for carousels that rotate automatically on page load and also enables users to choose which slide is displayed with buttons for previous and next slide.
Auto-Rotating Image Carousel with Tabs for Slide Control: An image carousel that demonstrates accessibility features necessary for carousels that rotate automatically on page load and also enables users to choose which slide is displayed with a set of tabs.

Terms

The following terms are used to describe components of a carousel.

Slide: A single content container within a set of content containers that hold the content to be presented by the carousel.
Rotation Control: An interactive element that stops and starts automatic slide rotation.
Next Slide Control: An interactive element, often styled as an arrow, that displays the next slide in the rotation sequence.
Previous Slide Control: An interactive element, often styled as an arrow, that displays the previous slide in the rotation sequence.
Slide Picker Controls: A group of elements, often styled as small dots, that enable the user to pick a specific slide in the rotation sequence to display.

Keyboard Interaction

If the carousel has an auto-rotate feature, automatic slide rotation stops when any element in the carousel receives keyboard focus. It does not resume unless the user activates the rotation control.
Tab and Shift + Tab: Move focus through the interactive elements of the carousel as specified by the page tab sequence -- scripting for Tab is not necessary.
Button elements implement the keyboard interaction defined in the button pattern. Note: Activating the rotation control, next slide, and previous slide do not move focus, so users may easily repetitively activate them as many times as desired.
If present, the rotation control is the first element in the Tab sequence inside the carousel. It is essential that it precede the rotating content so it can be easily located.
If tab elements are used for slide picker controls, they implement the keyboard interaction defined in the Tabs Pattern.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

This section describes the element composition for three styles of carousels:

Basic: Has rotation, previous slide, and next slide controls but no slide picker controls.
Tabbed: Has basic controls plus a single tab stop for slide picker controls implemented using the tabs pattern.
Grouped: Has basic controls plus a series of tab stops in a group of slide picker controls where each control implements the button pattern. Because each slide selector button adds an element to the page tab sequence, this style is the least friendly for keyboard users.

Basic carousel elements

A carousel container element that encompasses all components of the carousel, including both carousel controls and slides, has either role region or role group. The most appropriate role for the carousel container depends on the information architecture of the page. See the landmark regions guidance to determine whether the carousel warrants being designated as a landmark region.
The carousel container has the aria-roledescription property set to carousel.
If the carousel has a visible label, its accessible label is provided by the property aria-labelledby on the carousel container set to the ID of the element containing the visible label. Otherwise, an accessible label is provided by the property aria-label set on the carousel container. Note that since the aria-roledescription is set to "carousel", the label does not contain the word "carousel".
The rotation control, next slide control, and previous slide control are either native button elements (recommended) or implement the button pattern.
The rotation control has an accessible label provided by either its inner text or aria-label. The label changes to match the action the button will perform, e.g., "Stop slide rotation" or "Start slide rotation". A label that changes when the button is activated clearly communicates both that slide content can change automatically and when it is doing so. Note that since the label changes, the rotation control does not have any states, e.g., aria-pressed, specified.
Each slide container has role group with the property aria-roledescription set to slide.
Each slide has an accessible name:
- If a slide has a visible label, its accessible label is provided by the property aria-labelledby on the slide container set to the ID of the element containing the visible label.
- Otherwise, an accessible label is provided by the property aria-label set on the slide container.
- If unique names that identify the slide content are not available, a number and set size can serve as a meaningful alternative, e.g., "3 of 10". Note: Normally, including set position and size information in an accessible name is not appropriate. An exception is helpful in this implementation because group elements do not support aria-setsize or aria-posinset. The tabbed carousel implementation pattern does not have this limitation.
- Note that since the aria-roledescription is set to "slide", the label does not contain the word "slide."
Optionally, an element wrapping the set of slide elements has aria-atomic set to false and aria-live set to:
- off: if the carousel is automatically rotating.
- polite: if the carousel is NOT automatically rotating.

Tabbed Carousel Elements

The structure of a tabbed carousel is the same as a basic carousel except that:

Each slide container has role tabpanel in lieu of group, and it does not have the aria-roledescription property.
It has slide picker controls implemented using the tabs pattern where:
- Each control is a tab element, so activating a tab displays the slide associated with that tab.
- The accessible name of each tab indicates which slide it will display by including the name or number of the slide, e.g., "Slide 3". Slide names are preferable if each slide has a unique name.
- The set of controls is grouped in a tablist element with an accessible name provided by the value of aria-label that identifies the purpose of the tabs, e.g., "Choose slide to display."
- The tab, tablist, and tabpanel implement the properties specified in the tabs pattern.

Grouped Carousel Elements

A grouped carousel has the same structure as a basic carousel, but it also includes slide picker controls where:

The set of slide picker controls is contained in an element with role group.
The group containing the picker controls has an accessible label provided by the value of aria-label that identifies the purpose of the controls, e.g., "Choose slide to display."
Each picker control is a native button element (recommended) or implements the button pattern.
The accessible name of each picker button matches the name of the slide it displays. One technique for accomplishing this is to set aria-labelledby to a value that references the slide group element.
The picker button representing the currently displayed slide has the property aria-disabled set to true. Note: aria-disabled is preferable to the HTML disabled attribute because this is a circumstance where screen reader users benefit from the disabled button being included in the page Tab sequence.

3.7 Checkbox

WAI-ARIA supports two types of checkbox widgets:

Dual-state: The most common type of checkbox, it allows the user to toggle between two choices -- checked and not checked.
Tri-state: This type of checkbox supports an additional third state known as partially checked.

One common use of a tri-state checkbox can be found in software installers where a single tri-state checkbox is used to represent and control the state of an entire group of install options. And, each option in the group can be individually turned on or off with a dual state checkbox.

If all options in the group are checked, the overall state is represented by the tri-state checkbox displaying as checked.
If some of the options in the group are checked, the overall state is represented with the tri-state checkbox displaying as partially checked.
If none of the options in the group are checked, the overall state of the group is represented with the tri-state checkbox displaying as not checked.

The user can use the tri-state checkbox to change all options in the group with a single action:

Checking the overall checkbox checks all options in the group.
Unchecking the overall checkbox will uncheck all options in the group.
And, In some implementations, the system may remember which options were checked the last time the overall status was partially checked. If this feature is provided, activating the overall checkbox a third time recreates that partially checked state where only some options in the group are checked.

Examples

Simple Two-State Checkbox Example: Demonstrates a simple 2-state checkbox.
Tri-State Checkbox Example: Demonstrates how to make a widget that uses the mixed value for aria-checked and group collection of checkboxes with a field set.

Keyboard Interaction

When the checkbox has focus, pressing the Space key changes the state of the checkbox.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The checkbox has role checkbox.
The checkbox has an accessible label provided by one of the following:
- Visible text content contained within the element with role checkbox.
- A visible label referenced by the value of aria-labelledby set on the element with role checkbox.
- aria-label set on the element with role checkbox.
When checked, the checkbox element has state aria-checked set to true.
When not checked, it has state aria-checked set to false.
When partially checked, it has state aria-checked set to mixed.
If a set of checkboxes is presented as a logical group with a visible label, the checkboxes are included in an element with role group that has the property aria-labelledby set to the ID of the element containing the label.
If the presentation includes additional descriptive static text relevant to a checkbox or checkbox group, the checkbox or checkbox group has the property aria-describedby set to the ID of the element containing the description.

3.8 Combobox

A combobox is an input widget with an associated popup that enables users to select a value for the combobox from a collection of possible values. In some implementations, the popup presents allowed values, while in other implementations, the popup presents suggested values, and users may either select one of the suggestions or type a value. The popup may be a listbox, grid, tree, or dialog. Many implementations also include a third optional element -- a graphical Open button adjacent to the combobox, which indicates availability of the popup. Activating the Open button displays the popup if suggestions are available.

The combobox pattern supports several optional behaviors. The one that most shapes interaction is text input. Some comboboxes allow users to type and edit text in the combobox and others do not. If a combobox does not support text input, it is referred to as select-only, meaning the only way users can set a value is by selecting a value in the popup. For example, in some browsers, an HTML select element with size="1" is presented to assistive technologies as a combobox. Alternatively, if a combobox supports text input, it is referred to as editable. An editable combobox may either allow users to input any arbitrary value, or it may restrict its value to a discrete set of allowed values, in which case typing input serves to filter suggestions presented in the popup.

The popup is hidden by default, i.e., the default state is collapsed. The conditions that trigger expansion -- display of the popup --are specific to each implementation. Some possible conditions that trigger expansion include:

It is displayed when the Down Arrow key is pressed or the Open button is activated. Optionally, if the combobox is editable and contains a string that does not match an allowed value, expansion does not occur.
It is displayed when the combobox receives focus even if the combobox is editable and empty.
If the combobox is editable, the popup is displayed only if a certain number of characters are typed in the combobox and those characters match some portion of one of the suggested values.

Combobox widgets are useful for acquiring user input in either of two scenarios:

The value must be one of a predefined set of allowed values, e.g., a location field must contain a valid location name. Note that the listbox and menu button patterns are also useful in this scenario; differences between combobox and alternative patterns are described below.
An arbitrary value is allowed, but it is advantageous to suggest possible values to users. For example, a search field may suggest similar or previous searches to save the user time.

The nature of possible values presented by a popup and the way they are presented is called the autocomplete behavior. Comboboxes can have one of four forms of autocomplete:

No autocomplete: The combobox is editable, and when the popup is triggered, the suggested values it contains are the same regardless of the characters typed in the combobox. For example, the popup suggests a set of recently entered values, and the suggestions do not change as the user types.
List autocomplete with manual selection: When the popup is triggered, it presents suggested values. If the combobox is editable, the suggested values complete or logically correspond to the characters typed in the combobox. The character string the user has typed will become the value of the combobox unless the user selects a value in the popup.
List autocomplete with automatic selection: The combobox is editable, and when the popup is triggered, it presents suggested values that complete or logically correspond to the characters typed in the combobox, and the first suggestion is automatically highlighted as selected. The automatically selected suggestion becomes the value of the combobox when the combobox loses focus unless the user chooses a different suggestion or changes the character string in the combobox.
List with inline autocomplete: This is the same as list with automatic selection with one additional feature. The portion of the selected suggestion that has not been typed by the user, a completion string, appears inline after the input cursor in the combobox. The inline completion string is visually highlighted and has a selected state.

If a combobox is editable and has any form of list autocomplete, the popup may appear and disappear as the user types. For example, if the user types a two character string that triggers five suggestions to be displayed but then types a third character that forms a string that does not have any matching suggestions, the popup may close and, if present, the inline completion string disappears.

Two other widgets that are also visually compact and enable users to make a single choice from a set of discrete choices are listbox and menu button. One feature that distinguishes combobox from both listbox and menu button is that the user's choice can be presented as a value in an editable field, which gives users the ability to select some or all of the value for copying to the clipboard. Comboboxes and menu buttons can be implemented so users can explore the set of allowed choices without losing a previously made choice. That is, users can navigate the set of available choices in a combobox popup or menu and then press escape, which closes the popup or menu without changing previous input. In contrast, navigating among options in a single-select listbox immediately changes its value, and Escape does not provide an undo mechanism. Comboboxes and listboxes can be marked as required with aria-required="true", and they have an accessible name that is distinct from their value. Thus, when assistive technology users focus either a combobox or listbox in its default state, they can perceive both a name and value for the widget. However, a menu button cannot be marked required, and while it has an accessible name, it does not have a value so is not suitable for conveying the user's choice in its collapsed state.

Examples

Select-Only Combobox: A single-select combobox with no text input that is functionally similar to an HTML select element.
Editable Combobox with Both List and Inline Autocomplete: An editable combobox that demonstrates the autocomplete behavior known as list with inline autocomplete.
Editable Combobox with List Autocomplete: An editable combobox that demonstrates the autocomplete behavior known as list with manual selection.
Editable Combobox Without Autocomplete: An editable combobox that demonstrates the behavior associated with aria-autocomplete=none.
Editable Combobox with Grid Popup: An editable combobox that presents suggestions in a grid, enabling users to navigate descriptive information about each suggestion.
Date Picker Combobox: An editable date input combobox that opens a dialog containing a calendar grid and buttons for navigating by month and year.

Keyboard Interaction

Tab: The combobox is in the page Tab sequence.
Note: The popup indicator icon or button (if present), the popup, and the popup descendants are excluded from the page Tab sequence.

Combobox Keyboard Interaction

When focus is in the combobox:

Down Arrow: If the popup is available, moves focus into the popup:
- If the autocomplete behavior automatically selected a suggestion before Down Arrow was pressed, focus is placed on the suggestion following the automatically selected suggestion.
- Otherwise, places focus on the first focusable element in the popup.
Up Arrow (Optional): If the popup is available, places focus on the last focusable element in the popup.
Escape: Dismisses the popup if it is visible. Optionally, if the popup is hidden before Escape is pressed, clears the combobox.
Enter: If the combobox is editable and an autocomplete suggestion is selected in the popup, accepts the suggestion either by placing the input cursor at the end of the accepted value in the combobox or by performing a default action on the value. For example, in a messaging application, the default action may be to add the accepted value to a list of message recipients and then clear the combobox so the user can add another recipient.
Printable Characters:
- If the combobox is editable, type characters in the combobox. Note that some implementations may regard certain characters as invalid and prevent their input.
- If the combobox is not editable, optionally moves focus to a value that starts with the typed characters.
If the combobox is editable, it supports standard single line text editing keys appropriate for the device platform (see note below).
Alt + Down Arrow (Optional): If the popup is available but not displayed, displays the popup without moving focus.
Alt + Up Arrow (Optional): If the popup is displayed:
- If the popup contains focus, returns focus to the combobox.
- Closes the popup.

Note

Standard single line text editing keys appropriate for the device platform:

include keys for input, cursor movement, selection, and text manipulation.
Standard key assignments for editing functions depend on the device operating system.
The most robust approach for providing text editing functions is to rely on browsers, which supply them for HTML inputs with type text and for elements with the contenteditable HTML attribute.
IMPORTANT: Ensure JavaScript does not interfere with browser-provided text editing functions by capturing key events for the keys used to perform them.

When focus is in a listbox popup:

Enter: Accepts the focused option in the listbox by closing the popup, placing the accepted value in the combobox, and if the combobox is editable, placing the input cursor at the end of the value.
Escape: Closes the popup and returns focus to the combobox. Optionally, if the combobox is editable, clears the contents of the combobox.
Down Arrow: Moves focus to and selects the next option. If focus is on the last option, either returns focus to the combobox or does nothing.
Up Arrow: Moves focus to and selects the previous option. If focus is on the first option, either returns focus to the combobox or does nothing.
Right Arrow: If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox without closing the popup and moves the input cursor one character to the right. If the input cursor is on the right-most character, the cursor does not move.
Left Arrow: If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox without closing the popup and moves the input cursor one character to the left. If the input cursor is on the left-most character, the cursor does not move.
Home (Optional): Either moves focus to and selects the first option or, if the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox and places the cursor on the first character.
End (Optional): Either moves focus to the last option or, if the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox and places the cursor after the last character.
Any printable character:
- If the combobox is editable, returns the focus to the combobox without closing the popup and types the character.
- Otherwise, moves focus to the next option with a name that starts with the characters typed.
Backspace (Optional): If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox and deletes the character prior to the cursor.
Delete (Optional): If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox, removes the selected state if a suggestion was selected, and removes the inline autocomplete string if present.

Note

DOM Focus is maintained on the combobox and the assistive technology focus is moved within the listbox using aria-activedescendant as described in Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.
Selection follows focus in the listbox; the listbox allows only one suggested value to be selected at a time for the combobox value.

In a grid popup, each suggested value may be represented by either a single cell or an entire row. See notes below for how this aspect of grid design effects the keyboard interaction design and the way that selection moves in response to focus movements.

Enter: Accepts the currently selected suggested value by closing the popup, placing the selected value in the combobox, and if the combobox is editable, placing the input cursor at the end of the value.
Escape: Closes the popup and returns focus to the combobox. Optionally, if the combobox is editable, clears the contents of the combobox.
Right Arrow: Moves focus one cell to the right. Optionally, if focus is on the right-most cell in the row, focus may move to the first cell in the following row. If focus is on the last cell in the grid, either does nothing or returns focus to the combobox.
Left Arrow: Moves focus one cell to the left. Optionally, if focus is on the left-most cell in the row, focus may move to the last cell in the previous row. If focus is on the first cell in the grid, either does nothing or returns focus to the combobox.
Down Arrow: Moves focus one cell down. If focus is in the last row of the grid, either does nothing or returns focus to the combobox.
Up Arrow: Moves focus one cell up. If focus is in the first row of the grid, either does nothing or returns focus to the combobox.
Page Down (Optional): Moves focus down an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the bottom row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the first visible rows. If focus is in the last row of the grid, focus does not move.
Page Up (Optional): Moves focus up an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the top row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the last visible rows. If focus is in the first row of the grid, focus does not move.
Home (Optional): Either:
- Moves focus to the first cell in the row that contains focus. Or, if the grid has fewer than three cells per row or multiple suggested values per row, focus may move to the first cell in the grid.
- If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox and places the cursor on the first character.
End (Optional): Either:
- Moves focus to the last cell in the row that contains focus. Or, if the grid has fewer than three cells per row or multiple suggested values per row, focus may move to the last cell in the grid.
- If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox and places the cursor after the last character.
Control + Home (optional): moves focus to the first row.
Control + End (Optional): moves focus to the last row.
Any printable character: If the combobox is editable, returns the focus to the combobox without closing the popup and types the character.
Backspace (Optional): If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox and deletes the character prior to the cursor.
Delete (Optional): If the combobox is editable, returns focus to the combobox, removes the selected state if a suggestion was selected, and removes the inline autocomplete string if present.

Note

DOM Focus is maintained on the combobox and the assistive technology focus is moved within the grid using aria-activedescendant as described in Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.
The grid allows only one suggested value to be selected at a time for the combobox value.
In a grid popup, each suggested value may be represented by either a single cell or an entire row. This aspect of design effects focus and selection movement:
1. If every cell contains a different suggested value:
  - Selection follows focus so that the cell containing focus is selected.
  - Horizontal arrow key navigation typically wraps from one row to another.
  - Vertical arrow key navigation typically wraps from one column to another.
2. If all cells in a row contain information about the same suggested value:
  - Either the row containing focus is selected or a cell containing a suggested value is selected when any cell in the same row contains focus.
  - Horizontal key navigation may wrap from one row to another.
  - Vertical arrow key navigation does not wrap from one column to another.

In some implementations of tree popups, some or all parent nodes may serve as suggestion category labels so may not be selectable values. See notes below for how this aspect of the design effects the way selection moves in response to focus movements.

When focus is in a vertically oriented tree popup:

Enter: Accepts the currently selected suggested value by closing the popup, placing the selected value in the combobox, and if the combobox is editable, placing the input cursor at the end of the value.
Escape: Closes the popup and returns focus to the combobox. Optionally, clears the contents of the combobox.
Right arrow:
- When focus is on a closed node, opens the node; focus and selection do not move.
- When focus is on a open node, moves focus to the first child node and selects it if it is selectable.
- When focus is on an end node, does nothing.
Left arrow:
- When focus is on an open node, closes the node.
- When focus is on a child node that is also either an end node or a closed node, moves focus to its parent node and selects it if it is selectable.
- When focus is on a root node that is also either an end node or a closed node, does nothing.
Down Arrow: Moves focus to the next node that is focusable without opening or closing a node and selects it if it is selectable.
Up Arrow: Moves focus to the previous node that is focusable without opening or closing a node and selects it if it is selectable.
Home: Moves focus to the first focusable node in the tree without opening or closing a node and selects it if it is selectable.
End: Moves focus to the last focusable node in the tree without opening or closing a node and selects it if it is selectable.
Any printable character:
- If the combobox is editable, returns the focus to the combobox without closing the popup and types the character.
- Otherwise, moves focus to the next suggested value with a name that starts with the characters typed.

Note

DOM Focus is maintained on the combobox and the assistive technology focus is moved within the tree using aria-activedescendant as described in Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.
The tree allows only one suggested value to be selected at a time for the combobox value.
In a tree popup, some or all parent nodes may not be selectable values; they may serve as category labels for suggested values. If focus moves to a node that is not a selectable value, either:
- The previously selected node, if any, remains selected until focus moves to a node that is selectable.
- There is no selected value.
- In either case, focus is visually distinct from selection so users can readily see if a value is selected or not.
If nodes in the tree are arranged horizontally (aria-orientation is set to horizontal):
1. Down Arrow performs as Right Arrow is described above, and vice versa.
2. Up Arrow performs as Left Arrow is described above, and vice versa.

When focus is in a dialog popup:

There are two ways to close the popup and return focus to the combobox:
1. Perform an action in the dialog, such as activate a button, that specifies a value for the combobox.
2. Cancel out of the dialog, e.g., press Escape or activate the cancel button in the dialog. Canceling either returns focus to the text box without changing the combobox value or returns focus to the combobox and clears the combobox.
The dialog implements the keyboard interaction defined in the modal dialog pattern.

Note

Unlike other combobox popups, dialogs do not support aria-activedescendant so DOM focus moves into the dialog from the combobox.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that serves as an input and displays the combobox value has role combobox.
The combobox element has aria-controls set to a value that refers to the element that serves as the popup. Note that aria-controls only needs to be set when the popup is visible. However, it is valid to reference an element that is not visible.
The popup is an element that has role listbox, tree, grid, or dialog.
If the popup has a role other than listbox, the element with role combobox has aria-haspopup set to a value that corresponds to the popup type. That is, aria-haspopup is set to grid, tree, or dialog. Note that elements with role combobox have an implicit aria-haspopup value of listbox.
When the combobox popup is not visible, the element with role combobox has aria-expanded set to false. When the popup element is visible, aria-expanded is set to true. Note that elements with role combobox have a default value for aria-expanded of false.
When a combobox receives focus, DOM focus is placed on the combobox element.
When a descendant of a listbox, grid, or tree popup is focused, DOM focus remains on the combobox and the combobox has aria-activedescendant set to a value that refers to the focused element within the popup.
For a combobox that controls a listbox, grid, or tree popup, when a suggested value is visually indicated as the currently selected value, the option, gridcell, row, or treeitem containing that value has aria-selected set to true.
If the combobox has a visible label and the combobox element is an HTML element that can be labelled using the HTML label element (e.g., the input element), it is labeled using the label element. Otherwise, if it has a visible label, the combobox element has aria-labelledby set to a value that refers to the labelling element. Otherwise, the combobox element has a label provided by aria-label.
The combobox element has aria-autocomplete set to a value that corresponds to its autocomplete behavior:
- none: When the popup is displayed, the suggested values it contains are the same regardless of the characters typed in the combobox.
- list: When the popup is triggered, it presents suggested values. If the combobox is editable, the values complete or logically correspond to the characters typed in the combobox.
- both: When the popup is triggered, it presents suggested values that complete or logically correspond to the characters typed in the combobox. In addition, the portion of the selected suggestion that has not been typed by the user, known as the completion string, appears inline after the input cursor in the combobox. The inline completion string is visually highlighted and has a selected state.

Note

In ARIA 1.0, the combobox referenced its popup with aria-owns instead of aria-controls. While user agents might support comboboxes with aria-owns for backwards compatibility with legacy content, it is strongly recommended that authors use aria-controls.
When referring to the roles, states, and properties documentation for the below list of patterns used for popups, keep in mind that a combobox is a single-select widget where selection follows focus in the popup.
The roles, states, and properties for popup elements are defined in their respective design patterns:

A dialog is a window overlaid on either the primary window or another dialog window. Windows under a modal dialog are inert. That is, users cannot interact with content outside an active dialog window. Inert content outside an active dialog is typically visually obscured or dimmed so it is difficult to discern, and in some implementations, attempts to interact with the inert content cause the dialog to close.

Like non-modal dialogs, modal dialogs contain their tab sequence. That is, Tab and Shift + Tab do not move focus outside the dialog. However, unlike most non-modal dialogs, modal dialogs do not provide means for moving keyboard focus outside the dialog window without closing the dialog.

The alertdialog role is a special-case dialog role designed specifically for dialogs that divert users' attention to a brief, important message. Its usage is described in the alert dialog design pattern.

Examples

Modal Dialog Example: Demonstrates multiple layers of modal dialogs with both small and large amounts of content.
Date Picker Dialog Example: Demonstrates a dialog containing a calendar grid for choosing a date.

Keyboard Interaction

In the following description, the term tabbable element refers to any element with a tabindex value of zero or greater. Note that values greater than 0 are strongly discouraged.

When a dialog opens, focus moves to an element inside the dialog. See notes below regarding initial focus placement.
Tab:
- Moves focus to the next tabbable element inside the dialog.
- If focus is on the last tabbable element inside the dialog, moves focus to the first tabbable element inside the dialog.
Shift + Tab:
- Moves focus to the previous tabbable element inside the dialog.
- If focus is on the first tabbable element inside the dialog, moves focus to the last tabbable element inside the dialog.
Escape: Closes the dialog.

Note

When a dialog opens, focus placement depends on the nature and size of the content.
- In all circumstances, focus moves to an element contained in the dialog.
- Unless a condition where doing otherwise is advisable, focus is initially set on the first focusable element.
- If content is large enough that focusing the first interactive element could cause the beginning of content to scroll out of view, it is advisable to add tabindex=-1 to a static element at the top of the dialog, such as the dialog title or first paragraph, and initially focus that element.
- If a dialog contains the final step in a process that is not easily reversible, such as deleting data or completing a financial transaction, it may be advisable to set focus on the least destructive action, especially if undoing the action is difficult or impossible. The Alert Dialog Pattern is often employed in such circumstances.
- If a dialog is limited to interactions that either provide additional information or continue processing, it may be advisable to set focus to the element that is likely to be most frequently used, such as an OK or Continue button.
When a dialog closes, focus returns to the element that invoked the dialog unless either:
- The invoking element no longer exists. Then, focus is set on another element that provides logical work flow.
- The work flow design includes the following conditions that can occasionally make focusing a different element a more logical choice:
  1. It is very unlikely users need to immediately re-invoke the dialog.
  2. The task completed in the dialog is directly related to a subsequent step in the work flow.
  For example, a grid has an associated toolbar with a button for adding rows. the Add Rows button opens a dialog that prompts for the number of rows. After the dialog closes, focus is placed in the first cell of the first new row.
It is strongly recommended that the tab sequence of all dialogs include a visible element with role button that closes the dialog, such as a close icon or cancel button.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that serves as the dialog container has a role of dialog.
All elements required to operate the dialog are descendants of the element that has role dialog.
The dialog container element has aria-modal set to true.
The dialog has either:
- A value set for the aria-labelledby property that refers to a visible dialog title.
- A label specified by aria-label.
Optionally, the aria-describedby property is set on the element with the dialog role to indicate which element or elements in the dialog contain content that describes the primary purpose or message of the dialog. Specifying descriptive elements enables screen readers to announce the description along with the dialog title and initially focused element when the dialog opens.

Note

Because marking a dialog modal by setting aria-modal to true can prevent users of some assistive technologies from perceiving content outside the dialog, users of those technologies will experience severe negative ramifications if a dialog is marked modal but does not behave as a modal for other users. So, mark a dialog modal only when both:
1. Application code prevents all users from interacting in any way with content outside of it.
2. Visual styling obscures the content outside of it.
The aria-modal property introduced by ARIA 1.1 replaces aria-hidden for informing assistive technologies that content outside a dialog is inert. However, in legacy dialog implementations where aria-hidden is used to make content outside a dialog inert for assistive technology users, it is important that:
1. aria-hidden is set to true on each element containing a portion of the inert layer.
2. The dialog element is not a descendant of any element that has aria-hidden set to true.

3.10 Disclosure (Show/Hide)

A disclosure is a button that controls visibility of a section of content. When the controlled content is hidden, it is often styled as a typical push button with a right-pointing arrow or triangle to hint that activating the button will display additional content. When the content is visible, the arrow or triangle typically points down.

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

When the disclosure control has focus:

Enter: activates the disclosure control and toggles the visibility of the disclosure content.
Space: activates the disclosure control and toggles the visibility of the disclosure content.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that shows and hides the content has role button.
When the content is visible, the element with role button has aria-expanded set to true. When the content area is hidden, it is set to false.
Optionally, the element with role button has a value specified for aria-controls that refers to the element that contains all the content that is shown or hidden.

3.11 Feed

A feed is a section of a page that automatically loads new sections of content as the user scrolls. The sections of content in a feed are presented in article elements. So, a feed can be thought of as a dynamic list of articles that often appears to scroll infinitely.

The feature that most distinguishes feed from other ARIA patterns that support loading data as users scroll, e.g., a grid, is that a feed is a structure, not a widget. Consequently, assistive technologies with a reading mode, such as screen readers, default to reading mode when interacting with feed content. However, unlike most other WAI-ARIA structures, a feed establishes an interoperability contract between the web page and assistive technologies. The contract governs scroll interactions so that assistive technology users can read articles, jump forward and backward by article, and reliably trigger new articles to load while in reading mode.

For example, a product page on a shopping site may have a related products section that displays five products at a time. As the user scrolls, more products are requested and loaded into the DOM. While a static design might include a next button for loading five more products, a dynamic implementation that automatically loads more data as the user scrolls simplifies the user experience and reduces the inertia associated with viewing more than the first five product suggestions. But, unfortunately when web pages load content dynamically based on scroll events, it can cause usability and interoperability difficulties for users of assistive technologies.

The feed pattern enables reliable assistive technology reading mode interaction by establishing the following interoperability agreement between the web page and assistive technologies:

In the context of a feed, the web page code is responsible for:
- Appropriate visual scrolling of the content based on which article contains DOM focus.
- Loading or removing feed articles based on which article contains DOM focus.
In the context of a feed, assistive technologies with a reading mode are responsible for:
- Indicating which article contains the reading cursor by ensuring the article element or one of its descendants has DOM focus.
- providing reading mode keys that move DOM focus to the next and previous articles.
- Providing reading mode keys for moving the reading cursor and DOM focus past the end and before the start of the feed.

Thus, implementing the feed pattern allows a screen reader to reliably read and trigger the loading of feed content while staying in its reading mode.

Another feature of the feed pattern is its ability to facilitate skim reading for assistive technology users. Web page authors may provide both an accessible name and description for each article. By identifying the elements inside of an article that provide the title and the primary content, assistive technologies can provide functions that enable users to jump from article to article and efficiently discern which articles may be worthy of more attention.

Example

Example Implementation of Feed Pattern

Keyboard Interaction

The feed pattern is not based on a desktop GUI widget so the feed role is not associated with any well-established keyboard conventions. Supporting the following, or a similar, interface is recommended.

When focus is inside the feed:

Page Down: Move focus to next article.
Page Up: Move focus to previous article.
Control + End: Move focus to the first focusable element after the feed.
Control + Home: Move focus to the first focusable element before the feed.

Note

Due to the lack of convention, providing easily discoverable keyboard interface documentation is especially important.
In some cases, a feed may contain a nested feed. For example, an article in a social media feed may contain a feed of comments on that article. To navigate the nested feed, users first move focus inside the nested feed. Options for supporting nested feed navigation include:
- Users move focus into the nested feed from the content of the containing article with Tab. This may be slow if the article contains a significant number of links, buttons, or other widgets.
- Provide a key for moving focus from the elements in the containing article to the first item in the nested feed, e.g., Alt + Page Down.
- To continue reading the outer feed, Control + End moves focus to the next article in the outer feed.
In the rare circumstance that a feed article contains a widget that uses the above suggested keys, the feed navigation key will operate the contained widget, and the user needs to move focus to an element that does not utilize the feed navigation keys in order to navigate the feed.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that contains the set of feed articles has role feed.
If the feed has a visible label, the feed element has aria-labelledby referring to the element containing the title. Otherwise, the feed element has a label specified with aria-label.
Each unit of content in a feed is contained in an element with role article. All content inside the feed is contained in an article element.
Each article element has aria-labelledby referring to elements inside the article that can serve as a distinguishing label.
It is optional but strongly recommended for each article element to have aria-describedby referring to one or more elements inside the article that serve as the primary content of the article.
Each article element has aria-posinset set to a value that represents its position in the feed.
Each article element has aria-setsize set to a value that represents either the total number of articles that have been loaded or the total number in the feed, depending on which value is deemed more helpful to users. If the total number in the feed is undetermined, it can be represented by a aria-setsize value of -1.
When article elements are being added to or removed from the feed container, and if the operation requires multiple DOM operations, the feed element has aria-busy set to true during the update operation. Note that it is extremely important that aria-busy is set to false when the operation is complete or the changes may not become visible to some assistive technology users.

3.12 Grids : Interactive Tabular Data and Layout Containers

A grid widget is a container that enables users to navigate the information or interactive elements it contains using directional navigation keys, such as arrow keys, Home, and End. As a generic container widget that offers flexible keyboard navigation, it can serve a wide variety of needs. It can be used for purposes as simple as grouping a collection of checkboxes or navigation links or as complex as creating a full-featured spreadsheet application. While the words "row" and "column" are used in the names of WAI-ARIA attributes and by assistive technologies when describing and presenting the logical structure of elements with the grid role, using the grid role on an element does not necessarily imply that its visual presentation is tabular.

When presenting content that is tabular, consider the following factors when choosing between implementing this grid pattern or the table pattern.

A grid is a composite widget so it:
- Always contains multiple focusable elements.
- Only one of the focusable elements contained by the grid is included in the page tab sequence.
- Requires the author to provide code that manages focus movement inside it.
All focusable elements contained in a table are included in the page tab sequence.

Uses of the grid pattern broadly fall into two categories: presenting tabular information (data grids) and grouping other widgets (layout grids). Even though both data grids and layout grids employ the same ARIA roles, states, and properties, differences in their content and purpose surface factors that are important to consider in keyboard interaction design. To address these factors, the following two sections describe separate keyboard interaction patterns for data and layout grids.

Examples

Layout Grid Examples: Three example implementations of grids that are used to lay out widgets, including a collection of navigation links, a message recipients list, and a set of search results.
Data Grid Examples: Three example implementations of grid that include features relevant to presenting tabular information, such as content editing, sort, and column hiding.
Advanced Data Grid Example: Example of a grid with behaviors and features similar to a typical spreadsheet, including cell and row selection.

Data Grids For Presenting Tabular Information

A grid can be used to present tabular information that has column titles, row titles, or both. The grid pattern is particularly useful if the tabular information is editable or interactive. For example, when data elements are links to more information, rather than presenting them in a static table and including the links in the tab sequence, implementing the grid pattern provides users with intuitive and efficient keyboard navigation of the grid contents as well as a shorter tab sequence for the page. A grid may also offer functions, such as cell content editing, selection, cut, copy, and paste.

In a grid, every cell contains a focusable element or is itself focusable, regardless of whether the cell content is editable or interactive. There is one exception: if column or row header cells do not provide functions, such as sort or filter, they do not need to be focusable. One reason it is important for all cells to be able to receive or contain keyboard focus is that screen readers will typically be in their application reading mode, rather than their document reading mode, when users are interacting with the grid. While in application mode, a screen reader user hears only focusable elements and content that labels focusable elements. So, screen reader users may unknowingly overlook elements contained in a grid that are either not focusable or not used to label a column or row.

Keyboard Interaction For Data Grids

The following keys provide grid navigation by moving focus among cells of the grid. Implementations of grid make these key commands available when an element in the grid has received focus, e.g., after a user has moved focus to the grid with Tab.

Right Arrow: Moves focus one cell to the right. If focus is on the right-most cell in the row, focus does not move.
Left Arrow: Moves focus one cell to the left. If focus is on the left-most cell in the row, focus does not move.
Down Arrow: Moves focus one cell down. If focus is on the bottom cell in the column, focus does not move.
Up Arrow: Moves focus one cell Up. If focus is on the top cell in the column, focus does not move.
Page Down: Moves focus down an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the bottom row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the first visible rows. If focus is in the last row of the grid, focus does not move.
Page Up: Moves focus up an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the top row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the last visible rows. If focus is in the first row of the grid, focus does not move.
Home: moves focus to the first cell in the row that contains focus.
End: moves focus to the last cell in the row that contains focus.
Control + Home: moves focus to the first cell in the first row.
Control + End: moves focus to the last cell in the last row.

Note

When the above grid navigation keys move focus, whether the focus is set on an element inside the cell or the grid cell depends on cell content. See Whether to Focus on a Cell or an Element Inside It.
While navigation keys, such as arrow keys, are moving focus from cell to cell, they are not available to do something like operate a combobox or move an editing caret inside of a cell. If this functionality is needed, see Editing and Navigating Inside a Cell.
If navigation functions can dynamically add more rows or columns to the DOM, key events that move focus to the beginning or end of the grid, such as control + End, may move focus to the last row in the DOM rather than the last available row in the back-end data.

If a grid supports selection of cells, rows, or columns, the following keys are commonly used for these functions.

Control + Space: selects the column that contains the focus.
Shift + Space: Selects the row that contains the focus. If the grid includes a column with checkboxes for selecting rows, this key can serve as a shortcut for checking the box when focus is not on the checkbox.
Control + A: Selects all cells.
Shift + Right Arrow: Extends selection one cell to the right.
Shift + Left Arrow: Extends selection one cell to the left.
Shift + Down Arrow: Extends selection one cell down.
Shift + Up Arrow: Extends selection one cell Up.

Note

See § 6.8 Key Assignment Conventions for Common Functions for cut, copy, and paste key assignments.

Layout Grids for Grouping Widgets

The grid pattern can be used to group a set of interactive elements, such as links, buttons, or checkboxes. Since only one element in the entire grid is included in the tab sequence, grouping with a grid can dramatically reduce the number of tab stops on a page. This is especially valuable if scrolling through a list of elements dynamically loads more of those elements from a large data set, such as in a continuous list of suggested products on a shopping site. If elements in a list like this were in the tab sequence, keyboard users are effectively trapped in the list. If any elements in the group also have associated elements that appear on hover, the grid pattern is also useful for providing keyboard access to those contextual elements of the user interface.

Unlike grids used to present data, A grid used for layout does not necessarily have header cells for labelling rows or columns and might contain only a single row or a single column. Even if it has multiple rows and columns, it may present a single, logically homogenous set of elements. For example, a list of recipients for a message may be a grid where each cell contains a link that represents a recipient. The grid may initially have a single row but then wrap into multiple rows as recipients are added. In such circumstances, grid navigation keys may also wrap so the user can read the list from beginning to end by pressing either Right Arrow or Down Arrow. While This type of focus movement wrapping can be very helpful in a layout grid, it would be disorienting if used in a data grid, especially for users of assistive technologies.

Because arrow keys are used to move focus inside of a grid, a grid is both easier to build and use if the components it contains do not require the arrow keys to operate. If a cell contains an element like a listbox, then an extra key command to focus and activate the listbox is needed as well as a command for restoring the grid navigation functionality. Approaches to supporting this need are described in the section on Editing and Navigating Inside a Cell.

Keyboard Interaction For Layout Grids

Right Arrow: Moves focus one cell to the right. Optionally, if focus is on the right-most cell in the row, focus may move to the first cell in the following row. If focus is on the last cell in the grid, focus does not move.
Left Arrow: Moves focus one cell to the left. Optionally, if focus is on the left-most cell in the row, focus may move to the last cell in the previous row. If focus is on the first cell in the grid, focus does not move.
Down Arrow: Moves focus one cell down. Optionally, if focus is on the bottom cell in the column, focus may move to the top cell in the following column. If focus is on the last cell in the grid, focus does not move.
Up Arrow: Moves focus one cell up. Optionally, if focus is on the top cell in the column, focus may move to the bottom cell in the previous column. If focus is on the first cell in the grid, focus does not move.
Page Down (Optional): Moves focus down an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the bottom row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the first visible rows. If focus is in the last row of the grid, focus does not move.
Page Up (Optional): Moves focus up an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the top row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the last visible rows. If focus is in the first row of the grid, focus does not move.
Home: moves focus to the first cell in the row that contains focus. Optionally, if the grid has a single column or fewer than three cells per row, focus may instead move to the first cell in the grid.
End: moves focus to the last cell in the row that contains focus. Optionally, if the grid has a single column or fewer than three cells per row, focus may instead move to the last cell in the grid.
Control + Home (optional): moves focus to the first cell in the first row.
Control + End (Optional): moves focus to the last cell in the last row.

Note

When the above grid navigation keys move focus, whether the focus is set on an element inside the cell or the grid cell depends on cell content. See Whether to Focus on a Cell or an Element Inside It.
While navigation keys, such as arrow keys, are moving focus from cell to cell, they are not available to do something like operate a combobox or move an editing caret inside of a cell. If this functionality is needed, see Editing and Navigating Inside a Cell.
If navigation functions can dynamically add more rows or columns to the DOM, key events that move focus to the beginning or end of the grid, such as control + End, may move focus to the last row in the DOM rather than the last available row in the back-end data.

It would be unusual for a layout grid to provide functions that require cell selection. If it did, though, the following keys are commonly used for these functions.

Control + Space: selects the column that contains the focus.
Shift + Space: Selects the row that contains the focus. If the grid includes a column with checkboxes for selecting rows, this key can serve as a shortcut for checking the box when focus is not on the checkbox.
Control + A: Selects all cells.
Shift + Right Arrow: Extends selection one cell to the right.
Shift + Left Arrow: Extends selection one cell to the left.
Shift + Down Arrow: Extends selection one cell down.
Shift + Up Arrow: Extends selection one cell Up.

Note

See § 6.8 Key Assignment Conventions for Common Functions for cut, copy, and paste key assignments.

Keyboard Interaction - Setting Focus and Navigating Inside Cells

This section describes two important aspects of keyboard interaction design shared by both data and layout grid patterns:

Choosing whether a cell or an element inside a cell receives focus in response to grid navigation key events.
Enabling grid navigation keys to be used to interact with elements inside of a cell.

Whether to Focus on a Cell Or an Element Inside It

For assistive technology users, the quality of experience when navigating a grid heavily depends on both what a cell contains and on where keyboard focus is set. For example, if a cell contains a button and a grid navigation key places focus on the cell instead of the button, screen readers announce the button label but do not tell users a button is present.

There are two optimal cell design and focus behavior combinations:

A cell contains one widget whose operation does not require arrow keys and grid navigation keys set focus on that widget. Examples of such widgets include link, button, menubutton, toggle button, radio button (not radio group), switch, and checkbox.
A cell contains text or a single graphic and grid navigation keys set focus on the cell.

While any combination of widgets, text, and graphics may be included in a single cell, grids that do not follow one of these two cell design and focus movement patterns add complexity for authors or users or both. The reference implementations included in the example section below demonstrate some strategies for making other cell designs as accessible as possible, but the most widely accessible experiences are likely to come by applying the above two patterns.

Editing and Navigating Inside a Cell

While navigation keys, such as arrow keys, are moving focus from cell to cell, they are not available to perform actions like operate a combobox or move an editing caret inside of a cell. The user may need keys that are used for grid navigation to operate elements inside a cell if a cell contains:

Editable content.
Multiple widgets.
A widget that utilizes arrow keys in its interaction model, such as a radio group or slider.

Following are common keyboard conventions for disabling and restoring grid navigation functions.

Enter: Disables grid navigation and:
- If the cell contains editable content, places focus in an input field, such as a textbox. If the input is a single-line text field, a subsequent press of Enter may either restore grid navigation functions or move focus to an input field in a neighboring cell.
- If the cell contains one or more widgets, places focus on the first widget.
F2:
- If the cell contains editable content, places focus in an input field, such as a textbox. A subsequent press of F2 restores grid navigation functions.
- If the cell contains one or more widgets, places focus on the first widget. A subsequent press of F2 restores grid navigation functions.
Alphanumeric keys: If the cell contains editable content, places focus in an input field, such as a textbox.

When grid navigation is disabled, conventional changes to navigation behaviors include:

Escape: restores grid navigation. If content was being edited, it may also undo edits.
Right Arrow or Down Arrow: If the cell contains multiple widgets, moves focus to the next widget inside the cell, optionally wrapping to the first widget if focus is on the last widget. Otherwise, passes the key event to the focused widget.
Left Arrow or Up Arrow: If the cell contains multiple widgets, moves focus to the previous widget inside the cell, optionally wrapping to the first widget if focus is on the last widget. Otherwise, passes the key event to the focused widget.
Tab: moves focus to the next widget in the grid. Optionally, the focus movement may wrap inside a single cell or within the grid itself.
Shift + Tab: moves focus to the previous widget in the grid. Optionally, the focus movement may wrap inside a single cell or within the grid itself.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The grid container has role grid.
Each row container has role row and is either a DOM descendant of or owned by the grid element or an element with role rowgroup.
Each cell is either a DOM descendant of or owned by a row element and has one of the following roles:
- columnheader if the cell contains a title or header information for the column.
- rowheader if the cell contains title or header information for the row.
- gridcell if the cell does not contain column or row header information.
If there is an element in the user interface that serves as a label for the grid, aria-labelledby is set on the grid element with a value that refers to the labelling element. Otherwise, a label is specified for the grid element using aria-label.
If the grid has a caption or description, aria-describedby is set on the grid element with a value referring to the element containing the description.
If the grid provides sort functions, aria-sort is set to an appropriate value on the header cell element for the sorted column or row as described in the section on grid and table properties.
If the grid supports selection, when a cell or row is selected, the selected element has aria-selected set true. If the grid supports column selection and a column is selected, all cells in the column have aria-selected set to true.
If the grid provides content editing functionality and contains cells that may have edit capabilities disabled in certain conditions, aria-readonly may be set true on cells where editing is disabled. If edit functions are disabled for all cells, aria-readonly may be set true on the grid element. Grids that do not provide editing functions do not include the aria-readonly attribute on any of their elements.
If there are conditions where some rows or columns are hidden or not present in the DOM, e.g., data is dynamically loaded when scrolling or the grid provides functions for hiding rows or columns, the following properties are applied as described in the section on grid and table properties.
- aria-colcount or aria-rowcount is set to the total number of columns or rows, respectively.
- aria-colindex or aria-rowindex is set to the position of a cell within a row or column, respectively.
If the grid includes cells that span multiple rows or multiple columns, and if the grid role is NOT applied to an HTML table element, then aria-rowspan or aria-colspan is applied as described in grid and table properties.

Note

If the element with the grid role is an HTML table element, then it is not necessary to use ARIA roles for rows and cells because the HTML elements have implied ARIA semantics. For example, an HTML <TR> has an implied ARIA role of row. A grid built from an HTML table that includes cells that span multiple rows or columns must use HTML rowspan and colspan and must not use aria-rowspan or aria-colspan.
If rows or cells are included in a grid via aria-owns, they will be presented to assistive technologies after the DOM descendants of the grid element unless the DOM descendants are also included in the aria-owns attribute.

3.13 Link

A link widget provides an interactive reference to a resource. The target resource can be either external or local, i.e., either outside or within the current page or application.

Note

Authors are strongly encouraged to use a native host language link element, such as an HTML <A> element with an href attribute. As with other WAI-ARIA widget roles, applying the link role to an element will not cause browsers to enhance the element with standard link behaviors, such as navigation to the link target or context menu actions. When using the link role, providing these features of the element is the author's responsibility.

Examples

Link Examples: Link widgets constructed from HTML span and img elements.

Keyboard Interaction

Enter: Executes the link and moves focus to the link target.
Shift + F10 (Optional): Opens a context menu for the link.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element containing the link text or graphic has role of link.

3.14 Listbox

A listbox widget presents a list of options and allows a user to select one or more of them. A listbox that allows a single option to be chosen is a single-select listbox; one that allows multiple options to be selected is a multi-select listbox.

When screen readers present a listbox, they may render the name, state, and position of each option in the list. The name of an option is a string calculated by the browser, typically from the content of the option element. As a flat string, the name does not contain any semantic information. Thus, if an option contains a semantic element, such as a heading, screen reader users will not have access to the semantics. In addition, the interaction model conveyed by the listbox role to assistive technologies does not support interacting with elements inside of an option. Because of these traits of the listbox widget, it does not provide an accessible way to present a list of interactive elements, such as links, buttons, or checkboxes. To present a list of interactive elements, see the grid pattern.

Avoiding very long option names facilitates understandability and perceivability for screen reader users. The entire name of an option is spoken as a single unit of speech when the option is read. When too much information is spoken as the result of a single key press, it is difficult to understand. Long names inhibit perception by increasing the impact of interrupted speech because users typically have to re-read the entire option. And, if the user does not understand what is spoken, reading the name by character, word, or phrase may be a difficult operation for many screen reader users in the context of a listbox widget.

Sets of options where each option name starts with the same word or phrase can also significantly degrade usability for keyboard and screen reader users. Scrolling through the list to find a specific option becomes inordinately time consuming for a screen reader user who must listen to that word or phrase repeated before hearing what is unique about each option. For example, if a listbox for choosing a city were to contain options where each city name were preceded by a country name, and if many cities were listed for each country, a screen reader user would have to listen to the country name before hearing each city name. In such a scenario, it would be better to have 2 list boxes, one for country and one for city.

Examples

Scrollable Listbox Example: Single-select listbox that scrolls to reveal more options, similar to HTML select with size attribute greater than one.
Collapsible Dropdown Listbox Example: Single-select collapsible listbox that expands when activated, similar to HTML select with the attribute size="1".
Example Listboxes with Rearrangeable Options: Examples of both single-select and multi-select listboxes with accompanying toolbars where options can be added, moved, and removed.
Listbox Example with Grouped Options: Single-select listbox with grouped options, similar to an HTML select with optgroup children.

Keyboard Interaction

For a vertically oriented listbox:

When a single-select listbox receives focus:
- If none of the options are selected before the listbox receives focus, the first option receives focus. Optionally, the first option may be automatically selected.
- If an option is selected before the listbox receives focus, focus is set on the selected option.
When a multi-select listbox receives focus:
- If none of the options are selected before the listbox receives focus, focus is set on the first option and there is no automatic change in the selection state.
- If one or more options are selected before the listbox receives focus, focus is set on the first option in the list that is selected.
Down Arrow: Moves focus to the next option. Optionally, in a single-select listbox, selection may also move with focus.
Up Arrow: Moves focus to the previous option. Optionally, in a single-select listbox, selection may also move with focus.
Home (Optional): Moves focus to first option. Optionally, in a single-select listbox, selection may also move with focus. Supporting this key is strongly recommended for lists with more than five options.
End (Optional): Moves focus to last option. Optionally, in a single-select listbox, selection may also move with focus. Supporting this key is strongly recommended for lists with more than five options.
Type-ahead is recommended for all listboxes, especially those with more than seven options:
- Type a character: focus moves to the next item with a name that starts with the typed character.
- Type multiple characters in rapid succession: focus moves to the next item with a name that starts with the string of characters typed.
Multiple Selection: Authors may implement either of two interaction models to support multiple selection: a recommended model that does not require the user to hold a modifier key, such as Shift or Control, while navigating the list or an alternative model that does require modifier keys to be held while navigating in order to avoid losing selection states.
- Recommended selection model -- holding modifier keys is not necessary:
  - Space: changes the selection state of the focused option.
  - Shift + Down Arrow (Optional): Moves focus to and toggles the selected state of the next option.
  - Shift + Up Arrow (Optional): Moves focus to and toggles the selected state of the previous option.
  - Shift + Space (Optional): Selects contiguous items from the most recently selected item to the focused item.
  - Control + Shift + Home (Optional): Selects the focused option and all options up to the first option. Optionally, moves focus to the first option.
  - Control + Shift + End (Optional): Selects the focused option and all options down to the last option. Optionally, moves focus to the last option.
  - Control + A (Optional): Selects all options in the list. Optionally, if all options are selected, it may also unselect all options.
- Alternative selection model -- moving focus without holding a Shift or Control modifier unselects all selected nodes except the focused node:
  - Shift + Down Arrow: Moves focus to and toggles the selection state of the next option.
  - Shift + Up Arrow: Moves focus to and toggles the selection state of the previous option.
  - Control + Down Arrow: Moves focus to the next option without changing its selection state.
  - Control + Up Arrow: Moves focus to the previous option without changing its selection state.
  - Control + Space Changes the selection state of the focused option.
  - Shift + Space (Optional): Selects contiguous items from the most recently selected item to the focused item.
  - Control + Shift + Home (Optional): Selects the focused option and all options up to the first option. Optionally, moves focus to the first option.
  - Control + Shift + End (Optional): Selects the focused option and all options down to the last option. Optionally, moves focus to the last option.
  - Control + A (Optional): Selects all options in the list. Optionally, if all options are selected, it may also unselect all options.

Note

DOM focus (the active element) is functionally distinct from the selected state. For more details, see this description of differences between focus and selection.
The listbox role supports the aria-activedescendant property, which provides an alternative to moving DOM focus among option elements when implementing keyboard navigation. For details, see Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.
In a single-select listbox, moving focus may optionally unselect the previously selected option and select the newly focused option. This model of selection is known as "selection follows focus". Having selection follow focus can be very helpful in some circumstances and can severely degrade accessibility in others. For additional guidance, see Deciding When to Make Selection Automatically Follow Focus.
If selecting or unselecting all options is an important function, implementing separate controls for these actions, such as buttons for "Select All" and "Unselect All", significantly improves accessibility.
If the options in a listbox are arranged horizontally:
1. Down Arrow performs as Right Arrow is described above, and vice versa.
2. Up Arrow performs as Left Arrow is described above, and vice versa.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

An element that contains or owns all the listbox options has role listbox.
Each option in the listbox has role option and is a DOM descendant of the element with role listbox or is referenced by an aria-owns property on the listbox element.
If the listbox is not part of another widget, then it has a visible label referenced by aria-labelledby on the element with role listbox.
In a single-select listbox, the selected option has aria-selected set to true.
if the listbox supports multiple selection:
- The element with role listbox has aria-multiselectable set to true.
- All selected options have aria-selected set to true.
- All options that are not selected have aria-selected set to false.
If the complete set of available options is not present in the DOM due to dynamic loading as the user scrolls, their aria-setsize and aria-posinset attributes are set appropriately.
If options are arranged horizontally, the element with role listbox has aria-orientation set to horizontal. The default value of aria-orientation for listbox is vertical.

A menu is a widget that offers a list of choices to the user, such as a set of actions or functions. Menu widgets behave like native operating system menus, such as the menus that pull down from the menubars commonly found at the top of many desktop application windows. A menu is usually opened, or made visible, by activating a menu button, choosing an item in a menu that opens a sub menu, or by invoking a command, such as Shift + F10 in Windows, that opens a context specific menu. When a user activates a choice in a menu, the menu usually closes unless the choice opened a submenu.

A menu that is visually persistent is a menubar. A menubar is typically horizontal and is often used to create a menu bar similar to those found near the top of the window in many desktop applications, offering the user quick access to a consistent set of commands.

A common convention for indicating that a menu item launches a dialog box is to append "…" (ellipsis) to the menu item label, e.g., "Save as …".

Examples

Navigation Menubar Example: Demonstrates a menubar that provides site navigation.
Editor Menubar Example: Demonstrates menu radios and menu checkboxes in submenus of a menubar that provides text formatting commands for a text field.

Keyboard Interaction

The following description of keyboard behaviors assumes:

A horizontal menubar containing several menuitem elements.
All items in the menubar have child submenus that contain multiple vertically arranged items.
Some of the menuitem elements in the submenus have child submenus with items that are also vertically arranged.

When reading the following descriptions, also keep in mind that:

Focusable elements, which may have role menuitem, menuitemradio, or menuitemcheckbox, are referred to as items.
If a behavior applies to only certain types of items, e.g., menuitem elements, the specific role name is used.
Submenus, also known as popup menus, are elements with role menu.
Except where noted, menus opened from a menubutton behave the same as menus opened from a menubar.

When a menu opens, or when a menubar receives focus, keyboard focus is placed on the first item. All items are focusable as described in § 6.6 Keyboard Navigation Inside Components.
Enter:
- When focus is on a menuitem that has a submenu, opens the submenu and places focus on its first item.
- Otherwise, activates the item and closes the menu.
Space:
- (Optional): When focus is on a menuitemcheckbox, changes the state without closing the menu.
- (Optional): When focus is on a menuitemradio that is not checked, without closing the menu, checks the focused menuitemradio and unchecks any other checked menuitemradio element in the same group.
- (Optional): When focus is on a menuitem that has a submenu, opens the submenu and places focus on its first item.
- (Optional): When focus is on a menuitem that does not have a submenu, activates the menuitem and closes the menu.
Down Arrow:
- When focus is on a menuitem in a menubar, opens its submenu and places focus on the first item in the submenu.
- When focus is in a menu, moves focus to the next item, optionally wrapping from the last to the first.
Up Arrow:
- When focus is in a menu, moves focus to the previous item, optionally wrapping from the first to the last.
- (Optional): When focus is on a menuitem in a menubar, opens its submenu and places focus on the last item in the submenu.
Right Arrow:
- When focus is in a menubar, moves focus to the next item, optionally wrapping from the last to the first.
- When focus is in a menu and on a menuitem that has a submenu, opens the submenu and places focus on its first item.
- When focus is in a menu and on an item that does not have a submenu, performs the following 3 actions:
  1. Closes the submenu and any parent menus.
  2. Moves focus to the next menuitem in the menubar.
  3. Either: (Recommended) opens the submenu of that menuitem without moving focus into the submenu, or opens the submenu of that menuitem and places focus on the first item in the submenu.
  Note that if the menubar were not present, e.g., the menus were opened from a menubutton, Right Arrow would not do anything when focus is on an item that does not have a submenu.
Left Arrow:
- When focus is in a menubar, moves focus to the previous item, optionally wrapping from the first to the last.
- When focus is in a submenu of an item in a menu, closes the submenu and returns focus to the parent menuitem.
- When focus is in a submenu of an item in a menubar, performs the following 3 actions:
  1. Closes the submenu.
  2. Moves focus to the previous menuitem in the menubar.
  3. Either: (Recommended) opens the submenu of that menuitem without moving focus into the submenu, or opens the submenu of that menuitem and places focus on the first item in the submenu.
Home: If arrow key wrapping is not supported, moves focus to the first item in the current menu or menubar.
End: If arrow key wrapping is not supported, moves focus to the last item in the current menu or menubar.
Any key that corresponds to a printable character (Optional): Move focus to the next menu item in the current menu whose label begins with that printable character.
Escape: Close the menu that contains focus and return focus to the element or context, e.g., menu button or parent menuitem, from which the menu was opened.
Tab: Moves focus to the next element in the tab sequence, and if the item that had focus is not in a menubar, closes its menu and all open parent menu containers.
Shift + Tab: Moves focus to the previous element in the tab sequence, and if the item that had focus is not in a menubar, closes its menu and all open parent menu containers.

Note

Disabled menu items are focusable but cannot be activated.
A separator in a menu is not focusable or interactive.
If a menu is opened or a menubar receives focus as a result of a context action, Escape or Enter may return focus to the invoking context. For example, a rich text editor may have a menubar that receives focus when a shortcut key, e.g., alt + F10, is pressed while editing. In this case, pressing Escape or activating a command from the menu may return focus to the editor.
Although it is recommended that authors avoid doing so, some implementations of navigation menubars may have menuitem elements that both perform a function and open a submenu. In such implementations, enter and Space perform a navigation function, e.g., load new content, while Down Arrow, in a horizontal menubar, opens the submenu associated with that same menuitem.
When items in a menubar are arranged vertically and items in menu containers are arranged horizontally:
1. Down Arrow performs as Right Arrow is described above, and vice versa.
2. Up Arrow performs as Left Arrow is described above, and vice versa.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

A menu is a container of items that represent choices. The element serving as the menu has a role of either menu or menubar.
The items contained in a menu are child elements of the containing menu or menubar and have any of the following roles:
If activating a menuitem opens a submenu, the menuitem is known as a parent menuitem. A submenu's menu element is:
- Contained inside the same menu element as its parent menuitem.
- Is the sibling element immediately following its parent menuitem.
A parent menuitem has aria-haspopup set to either menu or true.
A parent menuitem has aria-expanded set to false when its child menu is not visible and set to true when the child menu is visible.
One of the following approaches is used to enable scripts to move focus among items in a menu as described in § 6.6 Keyboard Navigation Inside Components:
- The menu container has tabindex set to -1 or 0 and aria-activedescendant set to the ID of the focused item.
- Each item in the menu has tabindex set to -1, except in a menubar, where the first item has tabindex set to 0.
When a menuitemcheckbox or menuitemradio is checked, aria-checked is set to true.
When a menu item is disabled, aria-disabled is set to true.
Items in a menu may be divided into groups by placing an element with a role of separator between groups. For example, this technique should be used when a menu contains a set of menuitemradio items.
All separators should have aria-orientation consistent with the separator's orientation.
If a menubar has a visible label, the element with role menubar has aria-labelledby set to a value that refers to the labelling element. Otherwise, the menubar element has a label provided by aria-label.
If a menubar is vertically oriented, it has aria-orientation set to vertical. The default value of aria-orientation for a menubar is horizontal.
An element with role menu either has:
- aria-labelledby set to a value that refers to the menuitem or button that controls its display.
- A label provided by aria-label.
If a menu is horizontally oriented, it has aria-orientation set to horizontal. The default value of aria-orientation for a menu is vertical.

Note

If aria-owns is set on the menu container to include elements that are not DOM children of the container, those elements will appear in the reading order in the sequence they are referenced and after any items that are DOM children. Scripts that manage focus need to ensure the visual focus order matches this assistive technology reading order.

A menu button is a button that opens a menu. It is often styled as a typical push button with a downward pointing arrow or triangle to hint that activating the button will display a menu.

Examples

Navigation Menu Button: A menu button made from an HTML a element that opens a menu of items that behave as links.
Action Menu Button Example Using element.focus(): A menu button made from an HTML button element that opens a menu of actions or commands where focus in the menu is managed using element.focus().
Action Menu Button Example Using aria-activedescendant: A button that opens a menu of actions or commands where focus in the menu is managed using aria-activedescendant.

Keyboard Interaction

With focus on the button:
- Enter: opens the menu and places focus on the first menu item.
- Space: Opens the menu and places focus on the first menu item.
- (Optional) Down Arrow: opens the menu and moves focus to the first menu item.
- (Optional) Up Arrow: opens the menu and moves focus to the last menu item.
The keyboard behaviors needed after the menu is open are described in § 3.15 Menu or Menu bar.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that opens the menu has role button.
The element with role button has aria-haspopup set to either menu or true.
When the menu is displayed, the element with role button has aria-expanded set to true. When the menu is hidden, it is recommended that aria-expanded is not present. If aria-expanded is specified when the menu is hidden, it is set to false.
The element that contains the menu items displayed by activating the button has role menu.
Optionally, the element with role button has a value specified for aria-controls that refers to the element with role menu.
Additional roles, states, and properties needed for the menu element are described in § 3.15 Menu or Menu bar.

3.17 Meter

A meter is a graphical display of a numeric value that varies within a defined range. For example, a meter could be used to depict a device's current battery percentage or a car's fuel level.

Note

A meter should not be used to represent a value like the current world population since it does not have a meaningful maximum limit.
The meter should not be used to indicate progress, such as loading or percent completion of a task. To communicate progress, use the progressbar role instead.

Example

Meter Example

Keyboard Interaction

Not applicable.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element serving as the meter has a role of meter.
The meter has aria-valuenow set to a decimal value between aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax representing the current value of the meter.
The meter has aria-valuemin set to a decimal value less than aria-valuemax.
The meter has aria-valuemax set to a decimal value greater than aria-valuemin.
Assistive technologies often present aria-valuenow as a percentage. If conveying the value of the meter only in terms of a percentage would not be user friendly, the aria-valuetext property is set to a string that makes the meter value understandable. For example, a battery meter value might be conveyed as aria-valuetext="50% (6 hours) remaining".
If the meter has a visible label, it is referenced by aria-labelledby on the element with role meter. Otherwise, the element with role meter has a label provided by aria-label.

3.18 Radio Group

A radio group is a set of checkable buttons, known as radio buttons, where no more than one of the buttons can be checked at a time. Some implementations may initialize the set with all buttons in the unchecked state in order to force the user to check one of the buttons before moving past a certain point in the workflow.

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

This section describes the keyboard interaction implemented for most radio groups. For the special case of a radio group nested inside a toolbar, use the keyboard interaction described in the following section.

Tab and Shift + Tab: Move focus into and out of the radio group. When focus moves into a radio group :
- If a radio button is checked, focus is set on the checked button.
- If none of the radio buttons are checked, focus is set on the first radio button in the group.
Space: checks the focused radio button if it is not already checked.
Right Arrow and Down Arrow: move focus to the next radio button in the group, uncheck the previously focused button, and check the newly focused button. If focus is on the last button, focus moves to the first button.
Left Arrow and Up Arrow: move focus to the previous radio button in the group, uncheck the previously focused button, and check the newly focused button. If focus is on the first button, focus moves to the last button.

Note

The initial focus behavior described above differs slightly from the behavior provided by some browsers for native HTML radio groups. In some browsers, if none of the radio buttons are selected, moving focus into the radio group with Shift+Tab will place focus on the last radio button instead of the first radio button.

Because arrow keys are used to navigate among elements of a toolbar and the Tab key moves focus in and out of a toolbar, when a radio group is nested inside a toolbar, the keyboard interaction of the radio group is slightly different from that of a radio group that is not inside of a toolbar. For instance, users need to be able to navigate among all toolbar elements, including the radio buttons, without changing which radio button is checked. So, when navigating through a radio group in a toolbar with arrow keys, the button that is checked does not change. The keyboard interaction of a radio group nested in a toolbar is as follows.

Space: If the focused radio button is not checked, unchecks the currently checked radio button and checks the focused radio button. Otherwise, does nothing.
Enter (optional): If the focused radio button is not checked, unchecks the currently checked radio button and checks the focused radio button. Otherwise, does nothing.
Right Arrow:
- When focus is on a radio button and that radio button is not the last radio button in the radio group, moves focus to the next radio button.
- When focus is on the last radio button in the radio group and that radio button is not the last element in the toolbar, moves focus to the next element in the toolbar.
- When focus is on the last radio button in the radio group and that radio button is also the last element in the toolbar, moves focus to the first element in the toolbar.
Left Arrow:
- When focus is on a radio button and that radio button is not the first radio button in the radio group, moves focus to the previous radio button.
- When focus is on the first radio button in the radio group and that radio button is not the first element in the toolbar, moves focus to the previous element in the toolbar.
- When focus is on the first radio button in the radio group and that radio button is also the first element in the toolbar, moves focus to the last element in the toolbar.
Down Arrow (optional): Moves focus to the next radio button in the radio group. If focus is on the last radio button in the radio group, moves focus to the first radio button in the group.
Up Arrow (optional): Moves focus to the previous radio button in the radio group. If focus is on the first radio button in the radio group, moves focus to the last radio button in the group.

Note

Radio buttons in a toolbar are frequently styled in a manner that appears more like toggle buttons. For an example, See the Simple Editor Toolbar Example

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The radio buttons are contained in or owned by an element with role radiogroup.
Each radio button element has role radio.
If a radio button is checked, the radio element has aria-checked set to true. If it is not checked, it has aria-checked set to false.
Each radio element is labelled by its content, has a visible label referenced by aria-labelledby, or has a label specified with aria-label.
The radiogroup element has a visible label referenced by aria-labelledby or has a label specified with aria-label.
If elements providing additional information about either the radio group or each radio button are present, those elements are referenced by the radiogroup element or radio elements with the aria-describedby property.

3.19 Slider

A slider is an input where the user selects a value from within a given range. Sliders typically have a slider thumb that can be moved along a bar or track to change the value of the slider.

Warning

Users of touch-based assistive technologies may not be able to fully operate widgets that implement this pattern because APIs for capturing the necessary gestures and commands from assistive technologies are not yet available. Authors should fully test widgets using this pattern with assistive technologies before considering incorporation into production systems.

Examples

Horizontal Slider Examples: Demonstrates using three horizontally aligned sliders to make a color picker.
Slider Examples with aria-orientation and aria-valuetext: Three thermostat control sliders that demonstrate using aria-orientation and aria-valuetext.

Keyboard Interaction

Right Arrow: Increase the value of the slider by one step.
Up Arrow: Increase the value of the slider by one step.
Left Arrow: Decrease the value of the slider by one step.
Down Arrow: Decrease the value of the slider by one step.
Home: Set the slider to the first allowed value in its range.
End: Set the slider to the last allowed value in its range.
Page Up (Optional): Increment the slider by an amount larger than the step change made by Up Arrow.
Page Down (Optional): Decrement the slider by an amount larger than the step change made by Down Arrow.

Note

Focus is placed on the slider (the visual object that the mouse user would move, also known as the thumb.
In some circumstances, reversing the direction of the value change for the keys specified above, e.g., having Up Arrow decrease the value, could create a more intuitive experience.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element serving as the focusable slider control has role slider.
The slider element has the aria-valuenow property set to a decimal value representing the current value of the slider.
The slider element has the aria-valuemin property set to a decimal value representing the minimum allowed value of the slider.
The slider element has the aria-valuemax property set to a decimal value representing the maximum allowed value of the slider.
If the value of aria-valuenow is not user-friendly, e.g., the day of the week is represented by a number, the aria-valuetext property is set to a string that makes the slider value understandable, e.g., "Monday".
If the slider has a visible label, it is referenced by aria-labelledby on the slider element. Otherwise, the slider element has a label provided by aria-label.
If the slider is vertically oriented, it has aria-orientation set to vertical. The default value of aria-orientation for a slider is horizontal.

3.20 Slider (Multi-Thumb)

A multi-thumb slider is a slider with two or more thumbs that each set a value in a group of related values. For example, in a product search, a two-thumb slider could be used to enable users to set the minimum and maximum price limits for the search. In many two-thumb sliders, the thumbs are not allowed to pass one another, such as when the slider sets the minimum and maximum values for a range. For example, in a price range selector, the maximum value of the thumb that sets the lower end of the range is limited by the current value of the thumb that sets the upper end of the range. Conversely, the minimum value of the upper end thumb is limited by the current value of the lower end thumb. However, in some multi-thumb sliders, each thumb sets a value that does not depend on the other thumb values.

Warning

Example

Multi-Thumb Slider Examples: Demonstrates two-thumb sliders for picking price ranges for an airline flight and hotel reservation.

Keyboard Interaction

Each thumb is in the page tab sequence and has the same keyboard interaction as a single-thumb slider.
The tab order remains constant regardless of thumb value and visual position within the slider. For example, if the value of a thumb changes such that it moves past one of the other thumbs, the tab order does not change.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

Each element serving as a focusable slider thumb has role slider.
Each slider element has the aria-valuenow property set to a decimal value representing the current value of the slider.
Each slider element has the aria-valuemin property set to a decimal value representing the minimum allowed value of the slider.
Each slider element has the aria-valuemax property set to a decimal value representing the maximum allowed value of the slider.
When the range (e.g. minimum and/or maximum value) of another slider is dependent on the current value of a slider, the values of aria-valuemin or aria-valuemax of the dependent sliders are updated when the value changes.
If a value of aria-valuenow is not user-friendly, e.g., the day of the week is represented by a number, the aria-valuetext property is set to a string that makes the slider value understandable, e.g., "Monday".
If a slider has a visible label, it is referenced by aria-labelledby on the slider element. Otherwise, the slider element has a label provided by aria-label.
If a slider is vertically oriented, it has aria-orientation set to vertical. The default value of aria-orientation for a slider is horizontal.

3.21 Spinbutton

A spinbutton is an input widget that restricts its value to a set or range of discrete values. For example, in a widget that enables users to set an alarm, a spinbutton could allow users to select a number from 0 to 59 for the minute of an hour.

Spinbuttons often have three components, including a text field that displays the current value, an increment button, and a decrement button. The text field is usually the only focusable component because the increment and decrement functions are keyboard accessible via arrow keys. Typically, the text field also allows users to directly edit the value.

If the range is large, a spinbutton may support changing the value in both small and large steps. For instance, in the alarm example, the user may be able to move by 1 minute with Up Arrow and Down Arrow and by 10 minutes with Page Up and Page Down.

Example

Date Picker Spin Button Example: Illustrates a date picker made from three spin buttons for day, month, and year.

Keyboard Interaction

Up Arrow: Increases the value.
Down Arrow: Decreases the value.
Home: If the spinbutton has a minimum value, sets the value to its minimum.
End: If the spinbutton has a maximum value, sets the value to its maximum.
Page Up (Optional): Increases the value by a larger step than Up Arrow.
Page Down (Optional): Decreases the value by a larger step than Down Arrow.
If the spinbutton text field allows directly editing the value, the following keys are supported:
- Standard single line text editing keys appropriate for the device platform (see note below).
- Printable Characters: Type characters in the textbox. Note that many implementations allow only certain characters as part of the value and prevent input of any other characters. For example, an hour-and-minute spinner would allow only integer values from 0 to 59, the colon ':', and the letters 'AM' and 'PM'. Any other character input does not change the contents of the text field nor the value of the spinbutton.

Note

Focus remains on the text field during operation.
Standard single line text editing keys appropriate for the device platform:
1. include keys for input, cursor movement, selection, and text manipulation.
2. Standard key assignments for editing functions depend on the device operating system.
3. The most robust approach for providing text editing functions is to rely on browsers, which supply them for HTML inputs with type text and for elements with the contenteditable HTML attribute.
4. IMPORTANT: Be sure that JavaScript does not interfere with browser-provided text editing functions by capturing key events for the keys used to perform them.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The focusable element serving as the spinbutton has role spinbutton. This is typically an element that supports text input.
The spinbutton element has the aria-valuenow property set to a decimal value representing the current value of the spinbutton.
The spinbutton element has the aria-valuemin property set to a decimal value representing the minimum allowed value of the spinbutton if it has a known minimum value.
The spinbutton element has the aria-valuemax property set to a decimal value representing the maximum allowed value of the spinbutton if it has a known maximum value.
If the value of aria-valuenow is not user-friendly, e.g., the day of the week is represented by a number, the aria-valuetext property is set on the spinbutton element to a string that makes the spinbutton value understandable, e.g., "Monday".
If the spinbutton has a visible label, it is referenced by aria-labelledby on the spinbutton element. Otherwise, the spinbutton element has a label provided by aria-label.
The spinbutton element has aria-invalid set to true if the value is outside the allowed range. Note that most implementations prevent input of invalid values, but in some scenarios, blocking all invalid input may not be practical.

3.22 Table

Like an HTML table element, a WAI-ARIA table is a static tabular structure containing one or more rows that each contain one or more cells; it is not an interactive widget. Thus, its cells are not focusable or selectable. The grid pattern is used to make an interactive widget that has a tabular structure.

However, tables are often used to present a combination of information and interactive widgets. Since a table is not a widget, each widget contained in a table is a separate stop in the page tab sequence. If the number of widgets is large, replacing the table with a grid can dramatically reduce the length of the page tab sequence because a grid is a composite widget that can contain other widgets.

Note

As with other WAI-ARIA roles that have a native host language equivalent, authors are strongly encouraged to use a native HTML table element whenever possible. This is especially important with role table because it is a new feature of WAI-ARIA 1.1. It is thus advisable to test implementations thoroughly with each browser and assistive technology combination that could be used by the target audience.

Examples

Table Example: ARIA table made using HTML div and span elements.

Keyboard Interaction

Not applicable.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The table container has role table.
Each row container has role row and is either a DOM descendant of or owned by the table element or an element with role rowgroup.
Each cell is either a DOM descendant of or owned by a row element and has one of the following roles:
- columnheader if the cell contains a title or header information for the column.
- rowheader if the cell contains title or header information for the row.
- cell if the cell does not contain column or row header information.
If there is an element in the user interface that serves as a label for the table, aria-labelledby is set on the table element with a value that refers to the labelling element. Otherwise, a label is specified for the table element using aria-label.
If the table has a caption or description, aria-describedby is set on the table element with a value referring to the element containing the description.
If the table contains sortable columns or rows, aria-sort is set to an appropriate value on the header cell element for the sorted column or row as described in the section on grid and table properties.
If there are conditions where some rows or columns are hidden or not present in the DOM, e.g., there are widgets on the page for hiding rows or columns, the following properties are applied as described in the section on grid and table properties.
- aria-colcount or aria-rowcount is set to the total number of columns or rows, respectively.
- aria-colindex or aria-rowindex is set to the position of a cell within a row or column, respectively.
If the table includes cells that span multiple rows or multiple columns, then aria-rowspan or aria-colspan is applied as described in grid and table properties.

Note

If rows or cells are included in a table via aria-owns, they will be presented to assistive technologies after the DOM descendants of the table element unless the DOM descendants are also included in the aria-owns attribute.

3.23 Tabs

Tabs are a set of layered sections of content, known as tab panels, that display one panel of content at a time. Each tab panel has an associated tab element, that when activated, displays the panel. The list of tab elements is arranged along one edge of the currently displayed panel, most commonly the top edge.

Terms used to describe this design pattern include:

Tabs or Tabbed Interface: A set of tab elements and their associated tab panels.
Tab List: A set of tab elements contained in a tablist element.
tab: An element in the tab list that serves as a label for one of the tab panels and can be activated to display that panel.
tabpanel: The element that contains the content associated with a tab.

When a tabbed interface is initialized, one tab panel is displayed and its associated tab is styled to indicate that it is active. When the user activates one of the other tab elements, the previously displayed tab panel is hidden, the tab panel associated with the activated tab becomes visible, and the tab is considered "active".

Examples

Tabs With Automatic Activation: A tabs widget where tabs are automatically activated and their panel is displayed when they receive focus.
Tabs With Manual Activation: A tabs widget where users activate a tab and display its panel by pressing Space or Enter.

Keyboard Interaction

For the tab list:

Tab:
- When focus moves into the tab list, places focus on the active tab element.
- When the tab list contains the focus, moves focus to the next element in the page tab sequence outside the tablist, which is the tabpanel unless the first element containing meaningful content inside the tabpanel is focusable.
When focus is on a tab element in a horizontal tab list:
- Left Arrow: moves focus to the previous tab. If focus is on the first tab, moves focus to the last tab. Optionally, activates the newly focused tab (See note below).
- Right Arrow: Moves focus to the next tab. If focus is on the last tab element, moves focus to the first tab. Optionally, activates the newly focused tab (See note below).
When focus is on a tab in a tablist with either horizontal or vertical orientation:
- Space or Enter: Activates the tab if it was not activated automatically on focus.
- Home (Optional): Moves focus to the first tab. Optionally, activates the newly focused tab (See note below).
- End (Optional): Moves focus to the last tab. Optionally, activates the newly focused tab (See note below).
- Shift + F10: If the tab has an associated popup menu, opens the menu.
- Delete (Optional): If deletion is allowed, deletes (closes) the current tab element and its associated tab panel, sets focus on the tab following the tab that was closed, and optionally activates the newly focused tab. If there is not a tab that followed the tab that was deleted, e.g., the deleted tab was the right-most tab in a left-to-right horizontal tab list, sets focus on and optionally activates the tab that preceded the deleted tab. If the application allows all tabs to be deleted, and the user deletes the last remaining tab in the tab list, the application moves focus to another element that provides a logical work flow. As an alternative to Delete, or in addition to supporting Delete, the delete function is available in a context menu.

Note

It is recommended that tabs activate automatically when they receive focus as long as their associated tab panels are displayed without noticeable latency. This typically requires tab panel content to be preloaded. Otherwise, automatic activation slows focus movement, which significantly hampers users' ability to navigate efficiently across the tab list. For additional guidance, see § 6.4 Deciding When to Make Selection Automatically Follow Focus.
When a tab list has its aria-orientation set to vertical:
1. Down Arrow performs as Right Arrow is described above.
2. Up Arrow performs as Left Arrow is described above.
If the tab list is horizontal, it does not listen for Down Arrow or Up Arrow so those keys can provide their normal browser scrolling functions even when focus is inside the tab list.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that serves as the container for the set of tabs has role tablist.
Each element that serves as a tab has role tab and is contained within the element with role tablist.
Each element that contains the content panel for a tab has role tabpanel.
If the tab list has a visible label, the element with role tablist has aria-labelledby set to a value that refers to the labelling element. Otherwise, the tablist element has a label provided by aria-label.
Each element with role tab has the property aria-controls referring to its associated tabpanel element.
The active tab element has the state aria-selected set to true and all other tab elements have it set to false.
Each element with role tabpanel has the property aria-labelledby referring to its associated tab element.
If a tab element has a popup menu, it has the property aria-haspopup set to either menu or true.
If the tablist element is vertically oriented, it has the property aria-orientation set to vertical. The default value of aria-orientation for a tablist element is horizontal.

A toolbar is a container for grouping a set of controls, such as buttons, menubuttons, or checkboxes.

When a set of controls is visually presented as a group, the toolbar role can be used to communicate the presence and purpose of the grouping to screen reader users. Grouping controls into toolbars can also be an effective way of reducing the number of tab stops in the keyboard interface.

To optimize the benefit of toolbar widgets:

Implement focus management so the keyboard tab sequence includes one stop for the toolbar and arrow keys move focus among the controls in the toolbar.
- In horizontal toolbars, Left Arrow and Right Arrow navigate among controls. Up Arrow and Down Arrow can duplicate Left Arrow and Right Arrow, respectively, or can be reserved for operating controls, such as spin buttons that require vertical arrow keys to operate.
- In vertical toolbars, Up Arrow and Down Arrow navigate among controls. Left Arrow and Right Arrow can duplicate Up Arrow and Down Arrow, respectively, or can be reserved for operating controls, such as horizontal sliders that require horizontal arrow keys to operate.
- In toolbars with multiple rows of controls, Left Arrow and Right Arrow can provide navigation that wraps from row to row, leaving the option of reserving vertical arrow keys for operating controls.
Avoid including controls whose operation requires the pair of arrow keys used for toolbar navigation. If unavoidable, include only one such control and make it the last element in the toolbar. For example, in a horizontal toolbar, a textbox could be included as the last element.
Use toolbar as a grouping element only if the group contains 3 or more controls.

Example

Toolbar Example: A toolbar that uses roving tabindex to manage focus and contains several types of controls, including toggle buttons, radio buttons, a menu button, a spin button, a checkbox, and a link.

Keyboard Interaction

Tab and Shift + Tab: Move focus into and out of the toolbar. When focus moves into a toolbar:
- If focus is moving into the toolbar for the first time, focus is set on the first control that is not disabled.
- If the toolbar has previously contained focus, focus is optionally set on the control that last had focus. Otherwise, it is set on the first control that is not disabled.
For a horizontal toolbar (the default):
- Left Arrow: Moves focus to the previous control. Optionally, focus movement may wrap from the first element to the last element.
- Right Arrow: Moves focus to the next control. Optionally, focus movement may wrap from the last element to the first element.
Home (Optional): Moves focus to first element.
End (Optional): Moves focus to last element.

Note

If the items in a toolbar are arranged vertically:
1. Down Arrow performs as Right Arrow is described above.
2. Up Arrow performs as Left Arrow is described above.
Typically, disabled elements are not focusable when navigating with a keyboard. However, in circumstances where discoverability of a function is crucial, it may be helpful if disabled controls are focusable so screen reader users are more likely to be aware of their presence. For additional guidance, see § 6.7 Focusability of disabled controls.
In applications where quick access to a toolbar is important, such as accessing an editor's toolbar from its text area, a documented shortcut key for moving focus from the relevant context to its corresponding toolbar is recommended.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that serves as the toolbar container has role toolbar.
If the toolbar has a visible label, it is referenced by aria-labelledby on the toolbar element. Otherwise, the toolbar element has a label provided by aria-label.
If the controls are arranged vertically, the toolbar element has aria-orientation set to vertical. The default orientation is horizontal.

3.26 Tree View

A tree view widget presents a hierarchical list. Any item in the hierarchy may have child items, and items that have children may be expanded or collapsed to show or hide the children. For example, in a file system navigator that uses a tree view to display folders and files, an item representing a folder can be expanded to reveal the contents of the folder, which may be files, folders, or both.

Terms for understanding tree views include:

Node: An item in a tree.
Root Node: Node at the base of the tree; it may have one or more child nodes but does not have a parent node.
Child Node: Node that has a parent; any node that is not a root node is a child node.
End Node: Node that does not have any child nodes; an end node may be either a root node or a child node.
Parent Node: Node with one or more child nodes. It can be open (expanded) or closed (collapsed).
Open Node: Parent node that is expanded so its child nodes are visible.
Closed Node: Parent node that is collapsed so the child nodes are not visible.

When using a keyboard to navigate a tree, a visual keyboard indicator informs the user which node is focused. If the tree allows the user to choose just one item for an action, then it is known as a single-select tree. In some implementations of single-select tree, the focused item also has a selected state; this is known as selection follows focus. However, in multi-select trees, which enable the user to select more than one item for an action, the selected state is always independent of the focus. For example, in a typical file system navigator, the user can move focus to select any number of files for an action, such as copy or move. It is important that the visual design distinguish between items that are selected and the item that has focus. For more details, see this description of differences between focus and selection and Deciding When to Make Selection Automatically Follow Focus.

Examples

File Directory Treeview Example Using Computed Properties: A file selector tree that demonstrates browser support for automatically computing aria-level, aria-posinset and aria-setsize based on DOM structure.
File Directory Treeview Example Using Declared Properties: A file selector tree that demonstrates how to explicitly define values for aria-level, aria-posinset and aria-setsize.
Navigation Treeview Example Using Computed Properties: A tree that provides navigation to a set of web pages and demonstrates browser support for automatically computing aria-level, aria-posinset and aria-setsize based on DOM structure.
Navigation Treeview Example Using Declared Properties: A tree that provides navigation to a set of web pages and demonstrates how to explicitly define values for aria-level, aria-posinset and aria-setsize.

Keyboard Interaction

For a vertically oriented tree:

When a single-select tree receives focus:
- If none of the nodes are selected before the tree receives focus, focus is set on the first node.
- If a node is selected before the tree receives focus, focus is set on the selected node.
When a multi-select tree receives focus:
- If none of the nodes are selected before the tree receives focus, focus is set on the first node.
- If one or more nodes are selected before the tree receives focus, focus is set on the first selected node.
Right arrow:
- When focus is on a closed node, opens the node; focus does not move.
- When focus is on a open node, moves focus to the first child node.
- When focus is on an end node, does nothing.
Left arrow:
- When focus is on an open node, closes the node.
- When focus is on a child node that is also either an end node or a closed node, moves focus to its parent node.
- When focus is on a root node that is also either an end node or a closed node, does nothing.
Down Arrow: Moves focus to the next node that is focusable without opening or closing a node.
Up Arrow: Moves focus to the previous node that is focusable without opening or closing a node.
Home: Moves focus to the first node in the tree without opening or closing a node.
End: Moves focus to the last node in the tree that is focusable without opening a node.
Enter: activates a node, i.e., performs its default action. For parent nodes, one possible default action is to open or close the node. In single-select trees where selection does not follow focus (see note below), the default action is typically to select the focused node.
Type-ahead is recommended for all trees, especially for trees with more than 7 root nodes:
- Type a character: focus moves to the next node with a name that starts with the typed character.
- Type multiple characters in rapid succession: focus moves to the next node with a name that starts with the string of characters typed.
* (Optional): Expands all siblings that are at the same level as the current node.
Selection in multi-select trees: Authors may implement either of two interaction models to support multiple selection: a recommended model that does not require the user to hold a modifier key, such as Shift or Control, while navigating the list or an alternative model that does require modifier keys to be held while navigating in order to avoid losing selection states.
- Recommended selection model -- holding a modifier key while moving focus is not necessary:
  - Space: Toggles the selection state of the focused node.
  - Shift + Down Arrow (Optional): Moves focus to and toggles the selection state of the next node.
  - Shift + Up Arrow (Optional): Moves focus to and toggles the selection state of the previous node.
  - Shift + Space (Optional): Selects contiguous nodes from the most recently selected node to the current node.
  - Control + Shift + Home (Optional): Selects the node with focus and all nodes up to the first node. Optionally, moves focus to the first node.
  - Control + Shift + End (Optional): Selects the node with focus and all nodes down to the last node. Optionally, moves focus to the last node.
  - Control + A (Optional): Selects all nodes in the tree. Optionally, if all nodes are selected, it can also unselect all nodes.
- Alternative selection model -- Moving focus without holding the Shift or Control modifier unselects all selected nodes except for the focused node:
  - Shift + Down Arrow: Moves focus to and toggles the selection state of the next node.
  - Shift + Up Arrow: Moves focus to and toggles the selection state of the previous node.
  - Control + Down Arrow: Without changing the selection state, moves focus to the next node.
  - Control + Up Arrow: Without changing the selection state, moves focus to the previous node.
  - Control + Space: Toggles the selection state of the focused node.
  - Shift + Space (Optional): Selects contiguous nodes from the most recently selected node to the current node.
  - Control + Shift + Home (Optional): Selects the node with focus and all nodes up to the first node. Optionally, moves focus to the first node.
  - Control + Shift + End (Optional): Selects the node with focus and all nodes down to the last node. Optionally, moves focus to the last node.
  - Control + A (Optional): Selects all nodes in the tree. Optionally, if all nodes are selected, it can also unselect all nodes.

Note

DOM focus (the active element) is functionally distinct from the selected state. For more details, see this description of differences between focus and selection.
The tree role supports the aria-activedescendant property, which provides an alternative to moving DOM focus among treeitem elements when implementing keyboard navigation. For details, see Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.
In a single-select tree, moving focus may optionally unselect the previously selected node and select the newly focused node. This model of selection is known as "selection follows focus". Having selection follow focus can be very helpful in some circumstances and can severely degrade accessibility in others. For additional guidance, see Deciding When to Make Selection Automatically Follow Focus.
If selecting or unselecting all nodes is an important function, implementing separate controls for these actions, such as buttons for "Select All" and "Unselect All", significantly improves accessibility.
If the nodes in a tree are arranged horizontally:
1. Down Arrow performs as Right Arrow is described above, and vice versa.
2. Up Arrow performs as Left Arrow is described above, and vice versa.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

All tree nodes are contained in or owned by an element with role tree.
Each element serving as a tree node has role treeitem.
Each root node is contained in the element with role tree or referenced by an aria-owns property set on the tree element.
Each parent node contains or owns an element with role group.
Each child node is contained in or owned by an element with role group that is contained in or owned by the node that serves as the parent of that child.
Each element with role treeitem that serves as a parent node has aria-expanded set to false when the node is in a closed state and set to true when the node is in an open state. End nodes do not have the aria-expanded attribute because, if they were to have it, they would be incorrectly described to assistive technologies as parent nodes.
If the tree supports selection of more than one node, the element with role tree has aria-multiselectable set to true. Otherwise, aria-multiselectable is either set to false or the default value of false is implied.
If the tree does not support multiple selection, aria-selected is set to true for the selected node and it is not present on any other node in the tree.
if the tree supports multiple selection:
- All selected nodes have aria-selected set to true.
- All nodes that are selectable but not selected have aria-selected set to false.
- If the tree contains nodes that are not selectable, those nodes do not have the aria-selected state.
The element with role tree has either a visible label referenced by aria-labelledby or a value specified for aria-label.
If the complete set of available nodes is not present in the DOM due to dynamic loading as the user moves focus in or scrolls the tree, each node has aria-level, aria-setsize, and aria-posinset specified.
If the tree element is horizontally oriented, it has aria-orientation set to horizontal. The default value of aria-orientation for a tree is vertical.

Note

If aria-owns is set on the tree container to include elements that are not DOM children of the container, those elements will appear in the reading order in the sequence they are referenced and after any items that are DOM children. Scripts that manage focus need to ensure the visual focus order matches this assistive technology reading order.

3.27 Treegrid

A treegrid widget presents a hierarchical data grid consisting of tabular information that is editable or interactive. Any row in the hierarchy may have child rows, and rows with children may be expanded or collapsed to show or hide the children. For example, in a treegrid used to display messages and message responses for a e-mail discussion list, messages with responses would be in rows that can be expanded to reveal the response messages.

In a treegrid both rows and cells are focusable. Every row and cell contains a focusable element or is itself focusable, regardless of whether individual cell content is editable or interactive. There is one exception: if column header cells do not provide functions, such as sort or filter, they do not need to be focusable. One reason it is important for all cells to be able to receive or contain keyboard focus is that screen readers will typically be in their application reading mode, rather than their document reading mode, when users are interacting with the grid. While in application mode, a screen reader user hears only focusable elements and content that labels focusable elements. So, screen reader users may unknowingly overlook elements contained in a treegrid that are either not focusable or not used to label a column or row.

When using a keyboard to navigate a treegrid, a visual keyboard indicator informs the user which row or cell is focused. If the treegrid allows the user to choose just one item for an action, then it is known as a single-select treegrid, and the item with focus also has a selected state. However, in multi-select treegrids, which enable the user to select more than one row or cell for an action, the selected state is independent of the focus. For example, in a hierarchical e-mail discussion grid, the user can move focus to select any number of rows for an action, such as delete or move. It is important that the visual design distinguish between items that are selected and the item that has focus. For more details, see this description of differences between focus and selection.

Examples

E-mail Inbox treegrid Example: A treegrid for navigating an e-mail inbox that demonstrates three keyboard navigation models -- rows first, cells first, and cells only.

Keyboard Interaction

The following keys provide treegrid navigation by moving focus among rows and cells of the grid. Implementations of treegrid make these key commands available when an element in the grid has received focus, e.g., after a user has moved focus to the grid with Tab. Moving focus into the grid may result in the first cell or the first row being focused. Whether focus goes to a cell or the row depends on author preferences and whether row focus is supported, since some treegrids may not provide focus to rows.

Enter: If cell-only focus is enabled and focus is on the first cell with the aria-expanded property, opens or closes the child rows.,Otherwise, performs the default action for the cell.
Tab: If the row containing focus contains focusable elements (e.g., inputs, buttons, links, etc.), moves focus to the next input in the row. If focus is on the last focusable element in the row, moves focus out of the treegrid widget to the next focusable element.
Right Arrow:
- If focus is on a collapsed row, expands the row.
- If focus is on an expanded row or is on a row that does not have child rows, moves focus to the first cell in the row.
- If focus is on the right-most cell in a row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on any other cell, moves focus one cell to the right.
Left Arrow:
- If focus is on an expanded row, collapses the row.
- If focus is on a collapsed row or on a row that does not have child rows, focus does not move.
- If focus is on the first cell in a row and row focus is supported, moves focus to the row.
- If focus is on the first cell in a row and row focus is not supported, focus does not move.
- If focus is on any other cell, moves focus one cell to the left.
Down Arrow:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus one row down. If focus is on the last row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus one cell down. If focus is on the bottom cell in the column, focus does not move.
Up Arrow:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus one row up. If focus is on the first row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus one cell up. If focus is on the top cell in the column, focus does not move.
Page Down:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus down an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the bottom row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the first visible rows. If focus is in the last row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus down an author-determined number of cells, typically scrolling so the bottom row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the first visible rows. If focus is in the last row, focus does not move.
Page Up:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus up an author-determined number of rows, typically scrolling so the top row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the last visible rows. If focus is in the first row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus up an author-determined number of cells, typically scrolling so the top row in the currently visible set of rows becomes one of the last visible rows. If focus is in the first row, focus does not move.
Home:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus to the first row. If focus is in the first row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus to the first cell in the row. If focus is in the first cell of the row, focus does not move.
End:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus to the last row. If focus is in the last row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus to the last cell in the row. If focus is in the last cell of the row, focus does not move.
Control + Home:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus to the first row. If focus is in the first row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus to the first cell in the column. If focus is in the first row, focus does not move.
Control + End:
- If focus is on a row, moves focus to the last row. If focus is in the last row, focus does not move.
- If focus is on a cell, moves focus to the last cell in the column. If focus is in the last row, focus does not move.

Note

When the above treegrid navigation keys move focus, whether the focus is set on an element inside the cell or on the cell depends on cell content. See Whether to Focus on a Cell or an Element Inside It.
While navigation keys, such as arrow keys, are moving focus from cell to cell, they are not available to do something like operate a combobox or move an editing caret inside of a cell. If this functionality is needed, see Editing and Navigating Inside a Cell.
If navigation functions can dynamically add more rows or columns to the DOM, key events that move focus to the beginning or end of the grid, such as control + End, may move focus to the last row in the DOM rather than the last available row in the back-end data.

If a treegrid supports selection of cells, rows, or columns, the following keys are commonly used for these functions.

Control + Space:
- If focus is on a row, selects all cells.
- If focus is on a cell, selects the column that contains the focus.
Shift + Space:
- If focus is on a row, selects the row.
- If focus is on a cell, selects the row that contains the focus. If the treegrid includes a column with checkboxes for selecting rows, this key can serve as a shortcut for checking the box when focus is not on the checkbox.
Control + A: Selects all cells.
Shift + Right Arrow:
- If focus is on a row, does not change selection.
- if focus is on a cell, extends selection one cell to the right.
Shift + Left Arrow:
- If focus is on a row, does not change selection.
- if focus is on a cell, extends selection one cell to the left.
Shift + Down Arrow:
- If focus is on a row, extends selection to all the cells in the next row.
- If focus is on a cell, extends selection one cell down.
Shift + Up Arrow:
- If focus is on a row, extends selection to all the cells in the previous row.
- If focus is on a cell, extends selection one cell up.

Note

See § 6.8 Key Assignment Conventions for Common Functions for cut, copy, and paste key assignments.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The treegrid container has role treegrid.
Each row container has role row and is either a DOM descendant of or owned by the treegrid element or an element with role rowgroup.
Each cell is either a DOM descendant of or owned by a row element and has one of the following roles:
- columnheader if the cell contains a title or header information for the column.
- rowheader if the cell contains title or header information for the row.
- gridcell if the cell does not contain column or row header information.
A row that can be expanded or collapsed to show or hide a set of child rows is a parent row. Each parent row has the aria-expanded state set on either the row element or on a cell contained in therow. The aria-expanded state is set to false when the child rows are not displayed and set to true when the child rows are displayed. Rows that do not control display of child rows do not have the aria-expanded attribute because, if they were to have it, they would be incorrectly described to assistive technologies as parent rows.
If the treegrid supports selection of more than one row or cell, it is a multi-select treegrid and the element with role treegrid has aria-multiselectable set to true. Otherwise, it is a single-select treegrid, and aria-multiselectable is either set to false or the default value of false is implied.
If the treegrid is a single-select treegrid, aria-selected is set to true on the selected row or cell, and it is not present on any other row or cell in the treegrid.
if the treegrid is a multi-select treegrid:
- All selected rows or cells have aria-selected set to true.
- All rows and cells that are not selected have aria-selected set to false.
If there is an element in the user interface that serves as a label for the treegrid, aria-labelledby is set on the grid element with a value that refers to the labelling element. Otherwise, a label is specified for the grid element using aria-label.
If the treegrid has a caption or description, aria-describedby is set on the grid element with a value referring to the element containing the description.
If the treegrid provides sort functions, aria-sort is set to an appropriate value on the header cell element for the sorted column or row as described in the section on grid and table properties.
If the treegrid provides content editing functionality and contains cells that may have edit capabilities disabled in certain conditions, aria-readonly is set to true on cells where editing is disabled. If edit functions are disabled for all cells, instead of setting aria-readonly to true on every cell, aria-readonly may be set to true on the treegrid element. Treegrids that do not provide cell content editing functions do not include the aria-readonly attribute on any of their elements.
If there are conditions where some rows or columns are hidden or not present in the DOM, e.g., data is dynamically loaded when scrolling or the grid provides functions for hiding rows or columns, the following properties are applied as described in the section on grid and table properties.
- aria-colcount or aria-rowcount is set to the total number of columns or rows, respectively.
- aria-colindex or aria-rowindex is set to the position of a cell within a row or column, respectively.
If the treegrid includes cells that span multiple rows or multiple columns, and if the treegrid role is NOT applied to an HTML table element, then aria-rowspan or aria-colspan is applied as described in grid and table properties.

Note

A treegrid built from an HTML table that includes cells that span multiple rows or columns must use HTML rowspan and colspan and must not use aria-rowspan or aria-colspan.
If rows or cells are included in a treegrid via aria-owns, they will be presented to assistive technologies after the DOM descendants of the treegrid element unless the DOM descendants are also included in the aria-owns attribute.

3.28 Window Splitter

NOTE: ARIA 1.1 introduced changes to the separator role so it behaves as a widget when focusable. While this pattern has been revised to match the ARIA 1.1 specification, the task force will not complete its review until a functional example that matches the ARIA 1.1 specification is complete. Progress on this pattern is tracked by issue 129.

A window splitter is a moveable separator between two sections, or panes, of a window that enables users to change the relative size of the panes. A Window Splitter can be either variable or fixed. A fixed splitter toggles between two positions whereas a variable splitter can be adjusted to any position within an allowed range.

A window splitter has a value that represents the size of one of the panes, which, in this pattern, is called the primary pane. When the splitter has its minimum value, the primary pane has its smallest size and the secondary pane has its largest size. The splitter also has an accessible name that matches the name of the primary pane.

For example, consider a book reading application with a primary pane for the table of contents and a secondary pane that displays content from a section of the book. The two panes are divided by a vertical splitter labelled "Table of Contents". When the table of contents pane has its maximum size, the splitter has a value of 100, and when the table of contents is completely collapsed, the splitter has a value of 0.

Note that the term "primary pane" does not describe the importance or purpose of content inside the pane.

Example

Work to develop an example window splitter widget is tracked by issue 130.

Keyboard Interaction

Left Arrow: Moves a vertical splitter to the left.
Right Arrow: Moves a vertical splitter to the right.
Up Arrow: Moves a horizontal splitter up.
Down Arrow: Moves a horizontal splitter down.
Enter: If the primary pane is not collapsed, collapses the pane. If the pane is collapsed, restores the splitter to its previous position.
Home (Optional): Moves splitter to the position that gives the primary pane its smallest allowed size. This may completely collapse the primary pane.
End (Optional): Moves splitter to the position that gives the primary pane its largest allowed size. This may completely collapse the secondary pane.
F6 (Optional): Cycle through window panes.

Note

A fixed size splitter omits implementation of the arrow keys.

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

The element that serves as the focusable splitter has role separator.
The separator element has the aria-valuenow property set to a decimal value representing the current position of the separator.
The separator element has the aria-valuemin property set to a decimal value that represents the position where the primary pane has its minimum size. This is typically 0.
The separator element has the aria-valuemax property set to a decimal value that represents the position where the primary pane has its maximum size. This is typically 100.
If the primary pane has a visible label, it is referenced by aria-labelledby on the separator element. Otherwise, the separator element has a label provided by aria-label.
The separator element has aria-controls referring to the primary pane.

Default landmark roles for HTML sectioning elements
HTML Element	Default Landmark Role
`aside`	`complementary`
`footer`	`contentinfo` when in context of the `body` element
`header`	`banner` when in context of the `body` element
`main`	`main`
`nav`	`navigation`
`section`	`region` when it has an accessible name using `aria-labelledby` or `aria-label`

5. Providing Accessible Names and Descriptions

Providing elements with accessible names, and where appropriate, accessible descriptions is one of the most important responsibilities authors have when developing accessible web experiences. While doing so is straightforward for most elements, technical mistakes that can completely block users of assistive technologies are easy to make and unfortunately common. To help authors effectively provide accessible names and descriptions, this section explains their purpose, when authors need to provide them, how browsers assemble them, and rules for coding and composing them. It also guides authors in the use of the following naming and describing techniques and WAI-ARIA properties:

Naming:
- Naming with child content.
- Naming with a string attribute via aria-label.
- Naming by referencing content with aria-labelledby.
- Naming form controls with the label element.
- Naming fieldsets with the legend element.
- Naming tables and figures with captions.
- Fallback names derived from titles and placeholders.
Describing:
- Describing by referencing content with aria-describedby.
- Describing tables and figures with captions.
- Descriptions derived from titles.

5.1 What ARE Accessible Names and Descriptions?

An accessible name is a short string, typically 1 to 3 words, that authors associate with an element to provide users of assistive technologies with a label for the element. For example, an input field might have an accessible name of "User ID" or a button might be named "Submit".

An accessible name serves two primary purposes for users of assistive technologies, such as screen readers:

Convey the purpose or intent of the element.
Distinguish the element from other elements on the page.

Both the WAI-ARIA specification and WCAG require all focusable, interactive elements to have an accessible name. In addition dialogs and some structural containers, such as tables and regions, are required to have a name. Many other elements can be named, but whether a name will enhance the accessible experience is determined by various characteristics of the surrounding context. Finally, there are some elements where providing an accessible name is technically possible but not advisable. The Accessible Name Guidance by Role section lists naming requirements and guidelines for every ARIA role.

An accessible description is also an author-provided string that is rendered by assistive technologies. Authors supply a description when there is a need to associate additional information with an element, such as instructions or format requirements for an input field.

Assistive technologies present names differently from descriptions. For instance, screen readers typically announce the name and role of an element first, e.g., a button named Mute Conversationcould be spoken as Mute Conversation button. If an element has a state, it could be announced either before or after the name and role; after name and role is the typical default. For example, a switch button named Mute Conversation in the off state could be announced as Mute Conversation switch button off. Because descriptions are optional strings that are usually significantly longer than names, they are presented last, sometimes after a slight delay. For example, Mute Conversation Switch button off, Silences alerts and notifications about activity in this conversation. To reduce verbosity, some screen readers do not announce descriptions by default but instead inform users of their presence so that users can press a key that will announce the description.

5.2 How Are Name and Description Strings Derived?

Because there are several elements and attributes for specifying text to include in an accessible name or description string, and because authors can combine them in a practically endless number of ways, browsers implement fairly complex algorithms for assembling the strings. The sections on accessible name calculation and accessible description calculation explain the algorithms and how they implement precedence. However, most authors do not need such detailed understanding of the algorithms since nearly all circumstances where a name or description is useful are supported by the coding patterns described in the naming techniques and describing techniques sections.

5.3 Accessible Names

5.3.1 Cardinal Rules of Naming

5.3.1.1 Rule 1: Heed Warnings and Test Thoroughly

Several of the naming techniques below include notes that warn against specific coding patterns that are either prohibited by the ARIA specification or fall into gray space that is not yet fully specified. Some of these prohibited or ambiguous patterns may appear logical and even yield desired names in some browsers. However, it is unlikely they will provide consistent results across browsers, especially over time as work to improve the consistency of name calculation across browsers progresses.

In addition to heeding the warnings provided in the naming techniques, it is difficult to over emphasize the importance of testing to ensure that names browsers calculate match expectations.

5.3.1.2 Rule 2: Prefer Visible Text

When a user interface includes visible text that could be used to provide an appropriate accessible name, using the visible text for the accessible name simplifies maintenance, prevents bugs, and reduces language translation requirements. When names are generated from text that exists only in markup and is never displayed visually, there is a greater likelihood that accessible names will not be updated when the user interface design or content are changed.

If an interactive element, such as an input field or button, does not have a visually persistent text label, consider adjusting the design to include one. In addition to serving as a more robust source for an accessible name, visible text labels enhance accessibility for many people with disabilities who do not use assistive technologies that present invisible accessible names. In most circumstances, visible text labels also make the user interface easier to understand for all users.

5.3.1.3 Rule 3: Prefer Native Techniques

In HTML documents, whenever possible, rely on HTML naming techniques, such as the HTML label element for form elements and caption element for tables. While less flexible, their simplicity and reliance on visible text help ensure robust accessible experiences. Several of the naming techniques highlight specific accessibility advantages of using HTML features instead of ARIA attributes.

5.3.1.4 Rule 4: Avoid Browser Fallback

When authors do not specify an accessible name using an element or attribute that is intended for naming, browsers attempt to help assistive technology users by resorting to fallback methods for generating a name. For example, the HTML title and placeholder attributes are used as last resort sources of content for accessible names. Because the purpose of these attributes is not naming, their content typically yields low quality accessible names that are not effective.

5.3.1.5 Rule 5: Compose Brief, Useful Names

Similar to how visually crowded screens and ambiguous icons reduce usability, excessively long, insufficiently distinct, or unclear accessible names can make a user interface very difficult, or even impossible, to use for someone who relies on a non-visual form of the user interface. In other words, for a web experience to be accessible, its accessible names must be effective. The section on Composing Effective and User-friendly Accessible Names provides guidance for balancing brevity and clarity.

5.3.2 Naming Techniques

5.3.2.1 Naming with Child Content

Certain elements get their name from the content they contain. For example, the following link is named "Home".

<a href="/">Home</a>

When assistive technologies render an element that gets its accessible name from its content, such as a link or button, the accessible name is the only content the user can perceive for that element. This is in contrast to other elements, such as text fields or tables, where the accessible name is a label that is presented in addition to the value or content of the element. For instance, the accessible name of a table can be derived from a caption element, and assistive technologies render both the caption and all other content contained inside the table.

Elements having one of the following roles are, by default, named by a string calculated from their descendant content:

button
cell
checkbox
columnheader
gridcell
heading
link
menuitem (content contained in a child menu element is excluded.)
menuitemcheckbox
menuitemradio
option
radio
row
rowheader
switch
tab
tooltip
treeitem (content included in a child group element is excluded.)

When calculating a name from content for an element, user agents recursively walk through each of its descendant elements, calculate a name string for each descendant, and concatenate the resulting strings. In two special cases, certain descendants are ignored: group descendants of treeitem elements and menu descendants of menuitem elements are omitted from the calculation. For example, in the following tree, the name of the first tree item is Fruits; Apples, Bananas, and Oranges are omitted.

<ul role="tree">
  <li role="treeitem">Fruits
    <ul role="group">
      <li role="treeitem">Apples</li>
      <li role="treeitem">Bananas</li>
      <li role="treeitem">Oranges</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

Warning

If an element with one of the above roles that supports naming from child content is named by using aria-label or aria-labelledby, content contained in the element and its descendants is hidden from assistive technology users unless the descendant content is referenced by aria-labelledby. It is strongly recommended to avoid using either of these attributes to override content of one of the above elements except in rare circumstances where hiding content from assistive technology users is beneficial. In addition, in situations where visible content is hidden from assistive technology users by use of one of these attributes, thorough testing with assistive technologies is particularly important.

5.3.2.2 Naming with a String Attribute Via `aria-label`

The aria-label property enables authors to name an element with a string that is not visually rendered. For example, the name of the following button is "Close".

<button type="button" aria-label="Close">X</button>

The aria-label property is useful when there is no visible text content that will serve as an appropriate accessible name.

The aria-label property affects assistive technology users in one of two different ways, depending on the role of the element to which it is applied. When applied to an element with one of the roles that supports naming from child content, aria-label hides descendant content from assistive technology users and replaces it with the value of aria-label. However, when applied to nearly any other type of element, assistive technologies will render both the value of aria-label and the content of the element. For example, the name of the following navigation region is "Product".

<nav aria-label="Product">
  <!-- list of navigation links to product pages -->
</nav>

When encountering this navigation region, a screen reader user will hear the name and role of the element, e.g., "Product navigation region", and then be able to read through the links contained in the region.

Warning

If aria-label is applied to an element with one of the roles that supports naming from child content, content contained in the element and its descendants is hidden from assistive technology users. It is strongly recommended to avoid using aria-label to override content of one of these elements except in rare circumstances where hiding content from assistive technology users is beneficial.
There are certain types of elements, such as paragraphs and list items, that should not be named with aria-label. They are identified in the table in the Accessible Name Guidance by Role section.
Because the value of aria-label is not rendered visually, testing with assistive technologies to ensure the expected name is presented to users is particularly important.
When a user interface is translated into multiple languages, ensure that aria-label values are translated.

5.3.2.3 Naming with Referenced Content Via `aria-labelledby`

The aria-labelledby property enables authors to reference other elements on the page to define an accessible name. For example, the following switch is named by the text content of a previous sibling element.

<span id="night-mode-label">Night mode</span>
<span role="switch" aria-checked="false" tabindex="0" aria-labelledby="night-mode-label"></span>

Note that while using aria-labelledby is similar in this situation to using an HTML label element with the for attribute, one significant difference is that browsers do not automatically make clicking on the labeling element activate the labeled element; that is an author responsibility. However, HTML label cannot be used to label a span element. Fortunately, an HTML input with type="checkbox" allows the ARIA switch role, so when feasible, using the following approach creates a more robust solution.

<label for="night-mode">Night mode</label>
<input type="checkbox" role="switch" id="night-mode">

The aria-labelledby property is useful in a wide variety of situations because:

It has the highest precedence when browsers calculate accessible names, i.e., it overrides names from child content and all other naming attributes, including aria-label.
It can concatenate content from multiple elements into a single name string.
It incorporates content from elements regardless of their visibility, i.e., it even includes content from elements with the HTML hidden attribute, CSS display: none, or CSS visibility: hidden in the calculated name string.
It incorporates the value of input elements, i.e., if it references a textbox, the value of the textbox is included in the calculated name string.

An example of referencing a hidden element with aria-labelledby could be a label for a night switch control:

<span id="night-mode-label" hidden>Night mode</span>
<input type="checkbox" role="switch" aria-labelledby="night-mode-label">

In some cases, the most effective name for an element is its own content combined with the content of another element. Because aria-labelledby has highest precedence in name calculation, in those situations, it is possible to use aria-labelledby to reference both the element itself and the other element. In the following example, the "Read more..." link is named by the element itself and the article’s heading, resulting in a name for the link of "Read more... 7 ways you can help save the bees".

<h2 id="bees-heading">7 ways you can help save the bees</h2>
<p>Bees are disappearing rapidly. Here are seven things you can do to help.</p>
<p><a id="bees-read-more" aria-labelledby="bees-read-more bees-heading">Read more...</a></p>

When multiple elements are referenced by aria-labelledby, text content from each referenced element is concatenated in the order specified in the aria-labelledby value. If an element is referenced more than one time, only the first reference is processed. When concatenating content from multiple elements, browsers trim leading and trailing white space and separate content from each element with a single space.

<button id="download-button" aria-labelledby="download-button download-details">Download</button>
<span id="download-details">PDF, 2.4 MB</span>

In the above example, the accessible name of the button will be "Download PDF, 2.4 MB", with a space between "Download" and "PDF", and not "DownloadPDF, 2.4 MB".

Warning

The aria-labelledby property cannot be chained, i.e., if an element with aria-labelledby references another element that also has aria-labelledby, the aria-labelledby attribute on the referenced element will be ignored.
If an element is referenced by aria-labelledby more than one time during a name calculation, the second and any subsequent references will be ignored.
There are certain types of elements, such as paragraphs and list items, that should not be named with aria-labelledby. They are identified in the table in the Accessible Name Guidance by Role section.
If aria-labelledby is applied to an element with one of the roles that supports naming from child content, content contained in the element and its descendants is hidden from assistive technology users unless it is also referenced by aria-labelledby. It is strongly recommended to avoid using this attribute to override content of one of these elements except in rare circumstances where hiding content from assistive technology users is beneficial.
Because calculating the name of an element with aria-labelledby can be complex and reference hidden content, testing with assistive technologies to ensure the expected name is presented to users is particularly important.

5.3.2.4 Naming Form Controls with the Label Element

The HTML label element enables authors to identify content that serves as a label and associate it with a form control. When a label element is associated with a form control, browsers calculate an accessible name for the form control from the label content.

For example, text displayed adjacent to a checkbox may be visually associated with the checkbox, so it is understood as the checkbox label by users who can perceive that visual association. However, unless the text is programmatically associated with the checkbox, assistive technology users will experience a checkbox without a label. Wrapping the checkbox and the labeling text in a label element as follows gives the checkbox an accessible name.

<label>
  <input type="checkbox" name="subscribe">
  subscribe to our newsletter
</label>

A form control can also be associated with a label by using the for attribute on the label element. This allows the label and the form control to be siblings or have different parents in the DOM, but requires adding an id attribute to the form control, which can be error-prone. When possible, use the above encapsulation technique for association instead of the following for attribute technique.

<input type="checkbox" name="subscribe" id="subscribe_checkbox">
<label for="subscribe_checkbox">subscribe to our newsletter</label>

Using the label element is an effective technique for satisfying Rule 2: Prefer Visible Text. It also satisfies Rule 3: Prefer Native Techniques. Native HTML labels offer an important usability and accessibility advantage over ARIA labeling techniques: browsers automatically make clicking the label equivalent to clicking the form control. This increases the hit area of the form control.

5.3.2.5 Naming Fieldsets with the Legend Element

The HTML fieldset element can be used to group form controls, and the legend element can be used to give the group a name. For example, a group of radio buttons can be grouped together in a fieldset, where the legend element labels the group for the radio buttons.

<fieldset>
  <legend>Select your starter class</legend>
  <label><input type="radio" name="starter-class" value="green"> Green</label>
  <label><input type="radio" name="starter-class" value="red"> Red</label>
  <label><input type="radio" name="starter-class" value="blue"> Blue</label>
</fieldset>

This grouping technique is particularly useful for presenting multiple choice questions. It enables authors to associate a question with a group of answers. If a question is not programmatically associated with its answer options, assistive technology users may access the answers without being aware of the question.

Similar benefits can be gained from grouping and naming other types of related form fields using fieldset and legend.

<fieldset>
  <legend>Shipping address</legend>
  <p><label>Full name <input name="name" required></label></p>
  <p><label>Address line 1 <input name="address-1" required></label></p>
  <p><label>Address line 2 <input name="address-2"></label></p>
  ...
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
  <legend>Billing address</legend>
  ...
</fieldset>

Using the legend element to name a fieldset element satisfies Rule 2: Prefer Visible Text and Rule 3: Prefer Native Techniques.

5.3.2.6 Naming Tables and Figures with Captions

The accessible name for HTML table and figure elements can be derived from a child caption or figcaption element, respectively. Tables and figures often have a caption to explain what they are about, how to read them, and sometimes giving them numbers used to refer to them in surrounding prose. Captions can help all users better understand content, but are especially helpful to users of assistive technologies.

In HTML, the table element marks up a data table, and can be provided with a caption using the caption element. If the table element does not have aria-label or aria-labelledby, then the caption will be used as the accessible name. For example, the accessible name of the following table is Special opening hours.

<table>
 <caption>Special opening hours</caption>
 <tr><td>30 May <td>Closed
 <tr><td>6 June <td>11:00-16:00
</table>

The following example gives the table a number (Table 1) so it can be referenced.

<table>
 <caption>Table 1. Traditional dietary intake of Okinawans and other Japanese circa 1950</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th>
   <th>Okinawa, 1949
   <th>Japan, 1950
 <tbody>
  <tr>
   <th>Total calories
   <td>1785
   <td>2068

  [...]

</table>

Note: Above table content is from Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world's longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span.

If a table is named using aria-label or aria-labelledby, then a caption element, if present, will become an accessible description. For an example, see Describing Tables and Figures with Captions.

Similarly, an HTML figure element can be given a caption using the figcaption element. The caption can appear before or after the figure, but it is more common for figures to have the caption after.

<figure>
 <img alt="Painting of a person walking in a desert." src="Hole_JesusalDesierto.jpg">
 <figcaption>Jesus entering the desert as imagined by William Hole, 1908</figcaption>
</figure>

Like with table elements, if a figure is not named using aria-label or aria-labelledby, the content of the figcaption element will be used as the accessible name. However unlike table elements, if the figcaption element is not used for the name, it does not become an accessible description unless it is referenced by aria-describedby. Nevertheless, assistive technologies will render the content of a figcaption regardless of whether it is used as a name, description, or neither.

Using the caption element to name a table element, or a figcaption element to name a figure element, satisfies Rule 2: Prefer Visible Text and Rule 3: Prefer Native Techniques.

5.3.2.7 Fallback Names Derived from Titles and Placeholders

When an accessible name is not provided using one of the primary techniques (e.g., the aria-label or aria-labelledby attributes), or native markup techniques (e.g., the HTML label element, or the alt attribute of the HTML img element), browsers calculate an accessible name from other attributes as a fallback mechanism. Because the attributes used in fallback name calculation are not intended for naming, they typically yield low quality accessible names that are not effective. So, As advised by Rule 4: Avoid Browser Fallback, prefer the explicit labeling techniques described above over fallback techniques described in this section.

Any HTML element can have a title attribute specified. The title attribute may be used as the element's fallback accessible name. The title attribute is commonly presented visually as a tooltip when the user hovers over the element with a pointing device, which is not particularly discoverable, and is also not accessible to visual users without a pointing device.

For example, a fieldset element without a legend element child, but with a title attribute, gets its accessible name from the title attribute.

<fieldset title="Select your starter class">
  <label><input type="radio" name="starter-class" value="green"> Green</label>
  <label><input type="radio" name="starter-class" value="red"> Red</label>
  <label><input type="radio" name="starter-class" value="blue"> Blue</label>
</fieldset>

For the HTML input and textarea elements, the placeholder attribute is used as a fallback labeling mechanism if nothing else (including the title attribute) results in a label. It is better to use a label element, since it does not disappear visually when the user focuses the form control.

<!-- Using a <label> is recommended -->
<label>Search <input type=search name=q></label>

<!-- A placeholder is used as fallback -->
<input type=search name=q placeholder="Search">

5.3.3 Composing Effective and User-friendly Accessible Names

For assistive technology users, especially screen reader users, the quality of accessible names is one of the most significant contributors to usability. Names that do not provide enough information reduce users' effectiveness while names that are too long reduce efficiency. And, names that are difficult to understand reduce effectiveness, efficiency, and enjoyment.

The following guidelines provide a starting point for crafting user friendly names.

Convey function or purpose, not form. For example, if an icon that looks like the letter X closes a dialog, name it Close, not X. Similarly, if a set of navigation links in the left side bar navigate among the product pages in a shopping site, name the navigation region Product, not Left.
Put the most distinguishing and important words first. Often, for interactive elements that perform an action, this means a verb is the first word. For instance, if a list of contacts displays Edit, Delete, and Actions buttons for each contact, then Edit John Doe, Delete John Doe, and Actions for John Doe would be better accessible names than John Doe edit, John Doe delete, and John Doe actions. By placing the verb first in the name, screen reader users can more easily and quickly distinguish the buttons from one another as well as from the element that opens the contact card for John Doe.
Be concise. For many elements, one to three words is sufficient. Only add more words when necessary.
Do NOT include a WAI-ARIA role name in the accessible name. For example, do not include the word button in the name of a button, the word image in the name of an image, or the word navigation in the name of a navigation region. Doing so would create duplicate screen reader output since screen readers convey the role of an element in addition to its name.
Create unique names for elements with the same role unless the elements are actually identical. For example, ensure every link on a page has a different name except in cases where multiple links reference the same location. Similarly, give every navigation region on a page a different name unless there are regions with identical content that performs identical navigation functions.
Start names with a capital letter; it helps some screen readers speak them with appropriate inflection. Do not end names with a period; they are not sentences.

5.3.4 Accessible Name Guidance by Role

Certain elements always require a name, others may usually or sometimes require a name, and still others should never be named. The table below lists all ARIA roles and provides the following information for each :

Necessity of Naming

Indicates how necessary it is for authors to add a naming attribute or element to supplement or override the content of an element with the specified role. This column may include one of the following values:

Required Only If Content Insufficient: An element with this role is named by its descendant content. If aria-label or aria-labelledby is applied, content contained in the element and its descendants is hidden from assistive technology users unless it is also referenced by aria-labelledby. Avoid hiding descendant content except in the rare circumstances where doing so benefits assistive technology users.
Required: The ARIA specification requires authors to provide a name; a missing name causes accessibility validators to report an error.
Recommended: Providing a name is strongly recommended.
Discretionary: Naming is either optional or, in the circumstances described in the guidance column, is discouraged.
Do Not Name: Naming is strongly discouraged even if it is technically permitted; often assistive technologies do not render a name even if provided.
Prohibited: The ARIA specification does not permit the element to be named; If a name is specified, accessibility validators will report an error.

Guidance:

Provides information to help determine if providing a name is beneficial, and if so, describes any recommended techniques.

role	Necessity of Naming	Guidance
`alert`	Discretionary	Some screen readers announce the name of an alert before announcing the content of the alert. Thus, `aria-label` provides a method for prefacing the visible content of an alert with text that is not displayed as part of the alert. Using `aria-label` is functionally equivalent to providing off-screen text in the contents of the alert, except off-screen text would be announced by screen readers that do not support `aria-label` on `alert` elements.
`alertdialog`	Required	Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`application`	Required	Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`article`	Recommended	Recommended to distinguish articles from one another; helps users when navigating among articles. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`banner`	Discretionary	Necessary in the uncommon circumstance where two banner landmark regions are present on the same page. It is otherwise optional. Named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`. See the Banner Landmark section.
`blockquote`	Discretionary	If a visible label is present, associating it with the blockquote by using `aria-labelledby` could benefit some assistive technology users.
`button`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content.
`caption`	Prohibited
`cell`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. Note that a name is not required; assistive technologies expect an empty cell in a table to be represented by an empty name. Note that associated row or column headers do not name a `cell`; the name of a cell in a table is its content. Headers are complementary information.
`checkbox`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. If based on HTML `type="checkbox"`, use a `label` element. Otherwise, reference visible content via `aria-labelledby`.
`code`	Prohibited
`columnheader`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. If the `columnheader` role is implied from an HTML `th`, the HTML `abbr` attribute can be used to specify an abbreviated version of the name that is only announced when screen readers are reading an associated `cell` within the `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`.
`combobox`	Required	If the `combobox` role is applied to an HTML `select` or `input` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present.
`complementary`	Recommended	Naming is necessary when two complementary landmark regions are present on the same page. Naming is recommended even when one complementary region is present to help users understand the purpose of the region's content when navigating among landmark regions. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Complementary Landmark section.
`contentinfo`	Discretionary	Necessary in the uncommon circumstance where two contentinfo landmark regions are present on the same page. It is otherwise optional. Named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`.
`definition`	Recommended	Reference the term being defined with `role="term"`, using `aria-labelledby`.
`deletion`	Prohibited
`dialog`	Required	Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`directory`	Discretionary	Naming can help users understand the purpose of the directory. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`document`	Discretionary	Elements with the `document` role are contained within an element with the `application` role, which is required to have a name. Typically, the name of the `application` element will provide sufficient context and identity for the `document` element. Because the `application` element is used only to create unusual, custom widgets, careful assessment is necessary to determine whether or not adding an accessible name is beneficial.
`emphasis`	Prohibited
`feed`	Recommended	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the feed. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Feed Design Pattern.
`figure`	Recommended	For HTML, use the `figure` and `figcaption` elements. The `figcaption` will serve as the accessible name for the `figure`. See the Naming Tables and Figures with Captions section. When not using HTML, or when retrofitting legacy HTML, use the `aria-labelledby` on the figure, pointing to the figure's caption. If there is no visible caption, `aria-label` can be used.
`form`	Recommended	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the form landmark. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Form Landmark section.
`generic`	Prohibited
`grid`	Required	If the `grid` is applied to an HTML `table` element, then the accessible name can be derived from the table's `caption` element. Otherwise, use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`gridcell`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. Note that a name is not required; assistive technologies expect an empty cell in a grid to be represented by an empty name. Note that associated row or column headers do not name a `gridcell`; the name of a cell in a grid is its content. Headers are complementary information.
`group`	Discretionary	When using the HTML `fieldset` element, the accessible name can be derived from the `legend` element. When using the HTML `details` element, do not provide an accessible name for this element. The user interacts with the `summary` element, and that can derive its accessible name from its contents. When using the HTML `optgroup` element, use the `label` attribute. Otherwise, use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`heading`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content.
`insertion`	Prohibited
`img`	Required	For the HTML `img` element, use the `alt` attribute. For other elements with the `img` role, use `aria-labelledby` or `aria-label`.
`link`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content.
`list`	Discretionary	Potentially beneficial for users of screen readers that support both list names and navigation among lists on a page. Potentially a source of distracting or undesirable screen reader verbosity, especially if nested within a named container, such as a navigation region. Can be named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`.
`listbox`	Required	If the `listbox` role is applied to an HTML `select` element (with the `multiple` attribute or a `size` attribute having a value greater than 1), can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present. See the Listbox Design Pattern.
`listitem`	Do Not Name	Naming is not supported by assistive technologies; it is necessary to include relevant content within the list item.
`log`	Discretionary	Some screen readers announce the name of a log element before announcing the content of the log element. Thus, `aria-label` provides a method for prefacing the visible content of a log element with text that is not displayed as part of the log element. Using `aria-label` is functionally equivalent to providing off-screen text in the contents of the log element, except off-screen text would be announced by screen readers that do not support `aria-label` on `log` elements.
`main`	Discretionary	Potentially helpful for orienting assistive technology users, especially in single-page applications where main content changes happen without generating a page load event. Can be named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`. See the Main Landmark section.
`marquee`	Discretionary	Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`.
`math`	Recommended	If the `math` element has only presentational children and the accessible name is intended to convey the mathematical expression, use `aria-label` to provide a string that represents the expression. If the `math` element contains navigable content that conveys the mathematical expression and a visible label for the expression is present, use `aria-labelledby`. Otherwise, use a`aria-label` to name the expression, e.g., `aria-label="Pythagorean Theorem"`.
`menu`	Recommended	Use `aria-labelledby` to refer to the menuitem or button that controls this element's display. Otherwise, use `aria-label`. See the Menu or Menu bar Design Pattern.
`menubar`	Recommended	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of `menuitem` elements in a `menubar`. Naming a `menubar` is comparable to naming a menu button. The name of a `button` that opens a `menu` conveys the purpose of the menu it opens. Since a `menubar` element is displayed persistently, a name on the `menubar` can serve that same purpose. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Menu or Menu bar Design Pattern.
`menuitem`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. Note: content contained within a child `menu` is automatically excluded from the accessible name calculation. See the Menu or Menu bar Design Pattern.
`menuitemcheckbox`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. See the Menu or Menu bar Design Pattern.
`menuitemradio`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. See the Menu or Menu bar Design Pattern.
`meter`	Required	If based on an HTML `meter` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present.
`navigation`	Recommended	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the navigation landmark. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Navigation Landmark section.
`none`	Prohibited	An element with `role="none"` is not part of the accessibility tree (except in error cases). Do not use `aria-labelledby` or `aria-label`.
`note`	Discretionary	Naming is optional, but can help screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the note. Named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`.
`option`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. See the Combobox Design Pattern.
`paragraph`	Prohibited
`presentation`	Prohibited	An element with `role="presentation"` is not part of the accessibility tree (except in error cases). Do not use `aria-labelledby` or `aria-label`.
`progressbar`	Required	If the `progressbar` role is applied to an HTML `progress` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present.
`radio`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. If based on HTML `type="checkbox"`, use a `label` element. Otherwise, reference visible content via `aria-labelledby`.
`radiogroup`	Required	Recommended to help assistive technology users understand the purpose of the group of `radio` buttons. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Radio Group Design Pattern.
`region`	Required	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the landmark. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Region Landmark section.
`row`	Required Only If Content Insufficient AND descendant of a `treegrid` AND the row is focusable	When `row` elements are focusable in a treegrid, screen readers announce the entire contents of a row when navigating by row. This is typically the most appropriate behavior. However, in some circumstances, it could be beneficial to change the order in which cells are announced or exclude announcement of certain cells by using `aria-labelledby` to specify which cells to announce.
`rowgroup`	Do Not Name	Naming is not supported by assistive technologies.
`rowheader`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. If the `rowheader` role is implied from an HTML `th`, the HTML `abbr` attribute can be used to specify an abbreviated version of the name that is only announced when screen readers are reading an associated `cell` within the `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`.
`scrollbar`	Discretionary	Naming is optional, but can potentially help screen reader users understand the purpose of the scrollbar. The purpose is also conveyed using the `aria-controls` attribute, which is required for `scrollbar`. Named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`.
`search`	Recommended	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the search landmark. Named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`. See the Search Landmark section.
`searchbox`	Required	If the `searchbox` role is applied to an HTML `input` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present.
`separator`	Discretionary	Recommended if there is more than one focusable `separator` element on the page. Can help assistive technology users understand the purpose of the separator. Named using `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise with `aria-label`.
`slider`	Required	If the `slider` role is applied to an HTML `input` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present. See the Slider Design Pattern and the Slider (Multi-Thumb) Design Pattern.
`spinbutton`	Required	If the `textbox` role is applied to an HTML `input` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present. See the Spinbutton Design Pattern.
`status`	Discretionary	Some screen readers announce the name of a status element before announcing the content of the status element. Thus, `aria-label` provides a method for prefacing the visible content of a status element with text that is not displayed as part of the status element. Using `aria-label` is functionally equivalent to providing off-screen text in the contents of the status element, except off-screen text would be announced by screen readers that do not support `aria-label` on `status` elements.
`strong`	Prohibited
`subscript`	Prohibited
`superscript`	Prohibited
`switch`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. If based on HTML `type="checkbox"`, use a `label` element. Otherwise, reference visible content via `aria-labelledby`.
`tab`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content.
`table`	Required	If using HTML `table` element, use the `caption` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present. See the Table Design Pattern.
`tablist`	Recommended	Helps screen reader users understand the context and purpose of the tablist. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Carousel Design Pattern and Tabs Design Pattern.
`tabpanel`	Required	Use `aria-labelledby` pointing to the `tab` element that controls the `tabpanel`. See the Carousel Design Pattern and Tabs Design Pattern.
`term`	Do Not Name	Since a term is usually the name for the `role="definition"` element, it could be confusing if the term itself also has a name.
`textbox`	Required	If the `textbox` role is applied to an HTML `input` or `textarea` element, can be named with an HTML `label` element. Otherwise use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present. Use `aria-label` if a visible label is not present.
`time`	Do Not Name	Naming is not supported by assistive technologies.
`timer`	Discretionary	Some screen readers announce the name of a timer element before announcing the content of the timer element. Thus, `aria-label` provides a method for prefacing the visible content of a timer element with text that is not displayed as part of the timer element. Using `aria-label` is functionally equivalent to providing off-screen text in the contents of the timer element, except off-screen text would be announced by screen readers that do not support `aria-label` on `timer` elements.
`toolbar`	Recommended	If there is more than one `toolbar` element on the page, naming is required. Helps assistive technology users to understand the purpose of the toolbar, even when there is only one toolbar on the page. Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Toolbar Pattern.
`tooltip`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content.
`tree`	Required	Use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Tree View Design Pattern.
`treegrid`	Required	If the `treegrid` is applied to an HTML `table` element, then the accessible name can be derived from the table's `caption` element. Otherwise, use `aria-labelledby` if a visible label is present, otherwise use `aria-label`. See the Treegrid Design Pattern.
`treeitem`	Required Only If Content Insufficient	Warning! Using `aria-label` or `aria-labelledby` will hide any descendant content from assistive technologies. Ideally named by visible, descendant content. Note: content contained within a child `group` is automatically excluded from the accessible name calculation. See the Tree View Design Pattern.

5.3.5 Accessible name calculation

User agents construct an accessible name string for an element by walking through a list of potential naming methods and using the first that generates a name. The algorithm they follow is defined in the accessible name specification. It is roughly like the following:

The aria-labelledby property is used if present.
If the name is still empty, the aria-label property is used if present.
If the name is still empty, then host-language-specific attributes or elements are used if present. For HTML, these are, depending on the element:

input whose type attribute is in the Button, Submit Button, or Reset Button state

The value attribute.

input whose type attribute is in the Image Button state

img

area

The alt attribute.

fieldset

The first child legend element.

Other form elements

The associated label element(s).

figure

The first child figcaption element.

table

The first child caption element.
If the name is still empty, then for elements with a role that supports naming from child content, the content of the element is used.
Finally, if the name is still empty, then other fallback host-language-specific attributes or elements are used if present. For HTML, these are, depending on the element:

input whose type attribute is in the Text, Password, Search, Telephone, or URL states

textarea

The title attribute. Otherwise, the placeholder attribute.

input whose type attribute is in the Submit Button state

A localized string of the word "submit".

input whose type attribute is in the Reset Button state

A localized string of the word "reset".

input whose type attribute is in the Image Button state

The title attribute. Otherwise, a localized string of the phrase "Submit Query".

summary

The word "Details".

Other elements

The title attribute.

The final step is a fallback mechanism. Generally when labeling an element, use one of the non-fallback mechanisms.

When calculating a name from content, the user agent walks through all descendant nodes except in the cases of treeitem and menuitem as described below. And, when following references in an aria-labelledby attribute, it similarly walks the tree of each referenced element. Thus, the naming algorithm is recursive. The following two sections explain non-recursive and recursive examples of how the algorithm works.

When calculating a name from content for the treeitem role, descendant content of child group elements are not included. For example, in the following tree, the name of the first tree item is Fruits; Apples, Bananas, and Oranges are automatically omitted.

<ul role="tree">
  <li role="treeitem">Fruits
    <ul role="group">
      <li role="treeitem">Apples</li>
      <li role="treeitem">Bananas</li>
      <li role="treeitem">Oranges</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

Similarly, when calculating a name from content for the menuitem role, descendant content of child menu elements are not included. So, the name of the first parent menuitem in the following menu is Fruits.

<ul role="menu">
  <li role="menuitem">Fruits
    <ul role="menu">
      <li role="menuitem">Apples</li>
      <li role="menuitem">Bananas</li>
      <li role="menuitem">Oranges</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

5.3.5.1 Examples of non-recursive accessible name calculation

Consider an input element that has no associated label element and only a name attribute and so does not have an accessible name (do not do this):

<input name="code">

If there is a placeholder attribute, then it serves as a naming fallback mechanism (avoid doing this):

<input name="code"
       placeholder="One-time code">

If there is also a title attribute, then it is used as the accessible name instead of placeholder, but it is still a fallback (avoid doing this):

<input name="code"
       placeholder="123456"
       title="One-time code">

If there is also a label element (recommended), then that is used as the accessible name, and the title attribute is instead used as the accessible description:

<label>One-time code
 <input name="code"
        placeholder="123456"
        title="Get your code from the app.">
</label>

If there is also an aria-label attribute (not recommended unless it adds clarity for assistive technology users), then that becomes the accessible name, overriding the label element:

<label>Code
 <input name="code"
        aria-label="One-time code"
        placeholder="123456"
        title="Get your code from the app.">
</label>

If there is also an aria-labelledby attribute, that wins over the other elements and attributes (the aria-label attribute ought to be removed if it is not used):

<p>Please fill in your <span id="code-label">one-time code</span> to log in.</p>
<p>
 <label>Code
  <input name="code"
         aria-labelledby="code-label"
         aria-label="This is ignored"
         placeholder="123456"
         title="Get your code from the app.">
 </label>
</p>

5.3.5.2 Examples of recursive accessible name calculation

The accessible name calculation algorithm will be invoked recursively when necessary. An aria-labelledby reference causes the algorithm to be invoked recursively, and when computing an accessible name from content the algorithm is invoked recursively for each child node.

In this example, the label for the button is computed by recursing into each child node, resulting in Move to trash.

<button>Move to <img src="bin.svg" alt="trash"></button>

When following an aria-labelledby reference, the algorithm avoids following the same reference twice to avoid infinite loops.

In this example, the label for the button is computed by first following the aria-labelledby reference to the parent element, and then computing the label for that element from the child nodes, first visiting the button element again but ignoring the aria-labelledby reference and instead using the aria-label, and then visiting the next child (the text node). The resulting label is Remove meeting: Daily status report.

<div id="meeting-1">
  <button aria-labelledby="meeting-1" aria-label="Remove meeting:">X</button>
  Daily status report
</div>

5.4 Accessible Descriptions

5.4.1 Describing Techniques

5.4.1.1 Describing by referencing content with `aria-describedby`

The aria-describedby property works similarly to the aria-labelledby property. For example, a button could be described by a sibling paragraph.

<button aria-describedby="trash-desc">Move to trash</button>
...
<p id="trash-desc">Items in the trash will be permanently removed after 30 days.</p>

Descriptions are reduced to text strings. For example, if the description contains an HTML img element, a text equivalent of the image is computed.

<button aria-describedby="trash-desc"> Move to <img src="bin.svg" alt="trash"></button>
...
<p id="trash-desc">Items in <img src="bin.svg" alt="the trash"> will be permanently removed after 30 days.</p>

As with aria-labelledby, it is possible to reference an element using aria-describedby even if that element is hidden. For example, a text field in a form could have a description that is hidden by default, but can be revealed on request using a disclosure widget. The description could also be referenced from the text field directly with aria-describedby. In the following example, the accessible description for the input element is Your username is the name that you use to log in to this service.

<label for="username">Username</label>
<input id="username" name="username" aria-describedby="username-desc">
<button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="username-desc" aria-label="Help about username">?</button>
<p id="username-desc" hidden>
  Your username is the name that you use to log in to this service.
</p>

5.4.1.2 Describing Tables and Figures with Captions

In HTML, if the table is named using aria-label or aria-labelledby, a child caption element becomes an accessible description. For example, a preceding heading might serve as an appropriate accessible name, and the caption element might contain a longer description. In such a situation, aria-labelledby could be used on the table to set the accessible name to the heading content and the caption would become the accessible description.

<h2 id="events-heading">Upcoming events</h2>
<table aria-labelledby="events-heading">
 <caption>
  Calendar of upcoming events, weeks 27 through 31, with each week starting with
  Monday. The first column is the week number.
 </caption>
 <tr><th>Week<th>Monday<th>Tuesday<th>Wednesday<th>Thursday<th>Friday<th>Saturday<th>Sunday
 <tr><td>27<td><td><td><td><td><td><td>
 <tr><td>28<td><td><td><td><td><td><td><a href="/events/9856">Crown Princess's birthday</a>
 <tr><td>29<td><td><td><td><td><td><td>
 <tr><td>30<td><td><td><td><td><td><td>
 <tr><td>31<td><td><td><td><td><td><td>
</table>

The HTML figure element can get its accessible name from its figcaption element, but it will not be used as the accessible description, even if it was not used as the accessible name. If the figcaption element is appropriate as an accessible description, and the accessible name is set using aria-labelledby or aria-label, then the figcaption can be explicitly set as the accessible description using the aria-describedby attribute.

<h2 id="neutron">Neutron</h2>
<figure aria-labelledby="neutron" aria-describedby="neutron-caption">
 <img src="neutron.svg" alt="Within the neutron are three quarks (blue 'u',
 red 'd', green 'd') that are interconnected.">
 <figcaption id="neutron-caption">
  The quark content of the neutron. The color assignment of individual quarks is
  arbitrary, but all three colors must be present. Forces between quarks are
  mediated by gluons.
 </figcaption>
</figure>

5.4.1.3 Descriptions Derived from Titles

If an accessible description was not provided using the aria-describedby attribute or one of the primary host-language-specific attributes or elements (e.g., the caption element for table), then, for HTML, if the element has a title attribute, that is used as the accessible description.

A visible description together with aria-describedby is generally recommended. If a description that is not visible is desired, then the title attribute can be used, for any HTML element that can have an accessible description.

Note that the title attribute might not be accessible to some users, in particular sighted users not using a screen reader and not using a pointing device that supports hover (e.g., a mouse).

For example, an input element with input constrained using the pattern attribute can use the title attribute to describe what the expected input is.

<label> Part number:
 <input pattern="[0-9][A-Z]{3}" name="part"
        title="A part number is a digit followed by three uppercase letters."/>
</label>

The title attribute in this case can be shown to the user as a tooltip when the user hovers or focuses the control, but also as part of the error message when the user agent validates the form, if the input element's value doesn't match the pattern.

As another example, a link can use the title attribute to describe the link in more detail.

<a href="http://twitter.com/W3C"
   title="Follow W3C on Twitter">
   <img src="/2008/site/images/Twitter_bird_logo_2012.svg"
        alt="Twitter" class="social-icon" height="40" />
</a>

5.4.2 Accessible description calculation

Like the accessible name calculation, the accessible description calculation produces a text string.

The accessible description calculation algorithm is the same as the accessible name calculation algorithm except for a few branch points that depend on whether a name or description is being calculated. In particular, when accumulating text for an accessible description, the algorithm uses aria-describedby instead of aria-labelledby.

User agents construct an accessible description string for an element by walking through a list of potential description methods and using the first that generates a description. The algorithm they follow is defined in the accessible name specification. It is roughly like the following:

The aria-describedby property is used if present.
If the description is still empty, then host-language-specific attributes or elements are used if present, if it wasn't already used as the accessible name. For HTML, these are, depending on the element:

input whose type attribute is in the Button, Submit Button, or Reset Button state

The value attribute.

summary

The element's subtree.

table

The first child caption element.
Finally, if the description is still empty, then other host-language-specific attributes or elements are used if present, if it wasn't already used for the accessible name. For HTML, this is the title attribute.

6. Developing a Keyboard Interface

Unlike native HTML form elements, browsers do not provide keyboard support for graphical user interface (GUI) components that are made accessible with ARIA; authors have to provide the keyboard support in their code. This section describes the principles and methods for making the functionality of a web page that includes ARIA widgets, such as menus and grids, as well as interactive components, such as toolbars and dialogs, operable with a keyboard. Along with the basics of focus management, this section offers guidance toward the objective of providing experiences to people who rely on a keyboard that are as efficient and enjoyable as the experiences available to others.

This section covers:

Understanding fundamental principles of focus movement conventions used in ARIA design patterns.
Maintaining visible focus, predictable focus movement, and distinguishing between keyboard focus and the selected state.
Managing movement of keyboard focus between components, e.g., how the focus moves when the Tab and Shift+Tab keys are pressed.
Managing movement of keyboard focus inside components that contain multiple focusable elements, e.g., two different methods for programmatically exposing focus inside widgets like radio groups, menus, listboxes, trees, and grids.
Determining when to make disabled interactive elements focusable.
Assigning and revealing keyboard shortcuts, including guidance on how to avoid problematic conflicts with keyboard commands of assistive technologies, browsers, and operating systems.

ARIA roles, states, and properties model accessibility behaviors and features shared among GUI components of popular desktop GUIs, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, and GNOME. Similarly, ARIA design patterns borrow user expectations and keyboard conventions from those platforms, consistently incorporating common conventions with the aim of facilitating easy learning and efficient operation of keyboard interfaces across the web.

For a web page to be accessible, all interactive elements must be operable via the keyboard. In addition, consistent application of the common GUI keyboard interface conventions described in the ARIA design patterns is important, especially for assistive technology users. Consider, for example, a screen reader user operating a tree. Just as familiar visual styling helps users discover how to expand a tree branch with a mouse, ARIA attributes give the tree the sound and feel of a tree in a desktop application. So, screen reader users will commonly expect that pressing the right arrow key will expand a collapsed node. Because the screen reader knows the element is a tree, it also has the ability to instruct a novice user how to operate it. Similarly, voice recognition software can implement commands for expanding and collapsing branches because it recognizes the element as a tree and can execute appropriate keyboard commands. All this is only possible if the tree implements the GUI keyboard conventions as described in the ARIA tree pattern.

A primary keyboard navigation convention common across all platforms is that the tab and shift+tab keys move focus from one UI component to another while other keys, primarily the arrow keys, move focus inside of components that include multiple focusable elements. The path that the focus follows when pressing the tab key is known as the tab sequence or tab ring.

Common examples of UI components that contain multiple focusable elements are radio groups, tablists, menus, and grids. A radio group, for example, contains multiple radio buttons, each of which is focusable. However, only one of the radio buttons is included in the tab sequence. After pressing the Tab key moves focus to a radio button in the group, pressing arrow keys moves focus among the radio buttons in the group, and pressing the Tab key moves focus out of the radio group to the next element in the tab sequence.

The ARIA specification refers to a discrete UI component that contains multiple focusable elements as a composite widget. The process of controlling focus movement inside a composite is called managing focus. Following are some ARIA design patterns with example implementations that demonstrate focus management:

Combobox
Grid
Listbox
Menu or menu bar
Radiogroup
Tabs
Toolbar
Tree Grid
Tree View

6.2 Discernible and Predictable Keyboard Focus

Work to complete this section is tracked by issue 217.

When operating with a keyboard, two essentials of a good experience are the abilities to easily discern the location of the keyboard focus and to discover where focus landed after a navigation key has been pressed. The following factors affect to what extent a web page affords users these capabilities.

Visibility of the focus indicator: Users need to be able to easily distinguish the keyboard focus indicator from other features of the visual design. Just as a mouse user may move the mouse to help find the mouse pointer, a keyboard user may press a navigation key to watch for movement. If visual changes in response to focus movement are subtle, many users will lose track of focus and be unable to operate. Authors are advised to rely on the default focus indicators provided by browsers. If overriding the default, consider:
- something about ... Colors and gradients can disappear in high contrast modes.
- Users need to be able to easily distinguish between focus and selection as described in § 6.3 Focus VS Selection and the Perception of Dual Focus, especially when a component that contains selected elements does not contain the focus.
- ... other considerations to be added ...
Persistence of focus: It is essential that there is always a component within the user interface that is active (document.activeElement is not null or is not the body element) and that the active element has a visual focus indicator. Authors need to manage events that effect the currently active element so focus remains visible and moves logically. For example, if the user closes a dialog or performs a destructive operation like deleting an item from a list, the active element may be hidden or removed from the DOM. If such events are not managed to set focus on the button that triggered the dialog or on the list item following the deleted item, browsers move focus to the body element, effectively causing a loss of focus within the user interface.
Predictability of movement: Usability of a keyboard interface is heavily influenced by how readily users can guess where focus will land after a navigation key is pressed. Some possible approaches to optimizing predictability include:
- Move focus in a pattern that matches the reading order of the page's language. In left to right languages, for example, create a tab sequence that moves focus left to right and then top to bottom.
- Incorporate all elements of a section of the page in the tab sequence before moving focus to another section. For instance, in a page with multiple columns that has content in a left side bar, center region, and right side bar, build a tab sequence that covers all elements in the left sidebar before focus moves to the first focusable element in the center column.
- When the distance between two consecutive elements in the tab sequence is significant, avoid movement that would be perceived as backward. For example, on a page with a left to right language, a jump from the last element in the bottom right of the main content to the top element in a left-hand sidebar is likely to be less predictable and more difficult to follow, especially for users with a narrow field of view.
- Follow consistent patterns across a site. The keyboard experience is more predictable when similar pages have similar focus movement patterns.
- Do not set initial focus when the page loads except in cases where:
  - The page offers a single, primary function that nearly all users employ immediately after page load.
  - Any given user is likely to use the page often.

6.3 Focus VS Selection and the Perception of Dual Focus

Occasionally, it may appear as if two elements on the page have focus at the same time. For example, in a multi-select list box, when an option is selected it may be greyed. Yet, the focus indicator can still be moved to other options, which may also be selected. Similarly, when a user activates a tab in a tablist, the selected state is set on the tab and its visual appearance changes. However, the user can still navigate, moving the focus indicator elsewhere on the page while the tab retains its selected appearance and state.

Focus and selection are quite different. From the keyboard user's perspective, focus is a pointer, like a mouse pointer; it tracks the path of navigation. There is only one point of focus at any time and all operations take place at the point of focus. On the other hand, selection is an operation that can be performed in some widgets, such as list boxes, trees, and tablists. If a widget supports only single selection, then only one item can be selected and very often the selected state will simply follow the focus when focus is moved inside of the widget. That is, in some widgets, moving focus may also perform the select operation. However, if the widget supports multiple selection, then more than one item can be in a selected state, and keys for moving focus do not perform selection. Some multi-select widgets do support key commands that both move focus and change selection, but those keys are different from the normal navigation keys. Finally, when focus leaves a widget that includes a selected element, the selected state persists.

From the developer's perspective, the difference is simple -- the focused element is the active element (document.activeElement). Selected elements are elements that have aria-selected="true".

With respect to focus and the selected state, the most important considerations for designers and developers are:

The visual focus indicator must always be visible.
The selected state must be visually distinct from the focus indicator.

6.4 Deciding When to Make Selection Automatically Follow Focus

in composite widgets where only one element may be selected, such as a tablist or single-select listbox, moving the focus may also cause the focused element to become the selected element. This is called having selection follow focus. Having selection follow focus is often beneficial to users, but in some circumstances, it is extremely detrimental to accessibility.

For example, in a tablist, the selected state is used to indicate which panel is displayed. So, when selection follows focus in a tablist, moving focus from one tab to another automatically changes which panel is displayed. If the content of panels is present in the DOM, then displaying a new panel is nearly instantaneous. A keyboard user who wishes to display the fourth of six tabs can do so with 3 quick presses of the right arrow. And, a screen reader user who perceives the labels on tabs by navigating through them may efficiently read through the complete list without any latency.

However, if displaying a new panel causes a network request and possibly a page refresh, the effect of having selection automatically focus can be devastating to the experience for keyboard and screen reader users. In this case, displaying the fourth tab or reading through the list becomes a tedious and time-consuming task as the user experiences significant latency with each movement of focus. Further, if displaying a new tab refreshes the page, then the user not only has to wait for the new page to load but also return focus to the tab list.

When selection does not follow focus, the user changes which element is selected by pressing the Enter or Space key.

As explained in section § 6.1 Fundamental Keyboard Navigation Conventions, all interactive UI components need to be reachable via the keyboard. This is best achieved by either including them in the tab sequence or by making them accessible from a component that is in the tab sequence, e.g., as part of a composite component. This section addresses building and managing the tab sequence, and subsequent sections cover making focusable elements that are contained within components keyboard accessible.

The [HTML] tabindex and [SVG2] tabindex attributes can be used to add and remove elements from the tab sequence. The value of tabindex can also influence the order of the tab sequence, although authors are strongly advised not to use tabindex for that purpose.

In HTML, the default tab sequence of a web page includes only links and HTML form elements, except In macOS, where it includes only form elements. macOS system preferences include a keyboard setting that enables the tab key to move focus to all focusable elements.

The default order of elements in the tab sequence is the order of elements in the DOM. The DOM order also determines screen reader reading order. It is important to keep the keyboard tab sequence and the screen reader reading order aligned, logical, and predictable as described in § 6.2 Discernible and Predictable Keyboard Focus. The most robust method of manipulating the order of the tab sequence while also maintaining alignment with the reading order that is currently available in all browsers is rearranging elements in the DOM.

The values of the tabindex attribute have the following effects.

tabindex is not present or does not have a valid value: The element has its default focus behavior. In HTML, only form controls and anchors with an HREF attribute are included in the tab sequence.
tabindex="0": The element is included in the tab sequence based on its position in the DOM.
tabindex="-1": The element is not included in the tab sequence but is focusable with element.focus().
tabindex="X" where X is an integer in the range 1 <= X <= 32767: Authors are strongly advised NOT to use these values. The element is placed in the tab sequence based on the value of tabindex. Elements with a tabindex value of 0 and elements that are focusable by default will be in the sequence after elements with a tabindex value of 1 or greater.

As described in section § 6.1 Fundamental Keyboard Navigation Conventions, the tab sequence should include only one focusable element of a composite UI component. Once a composite contains focus, keys other than Tab and Shift + Tab enable the user to move focus among its focusable elements. Authors are free to choose which keys move focus inside of a composite, but they are strongly advised to use the same key bindings as similar components in common GUI operating systems as demonstrated in § 3. Design Patterns and Widgets.

The convention for where focus lands in a composite when it receives focus as a result of a Tab key event depends on the type of composite. It is typically one of the following.

The element that had focus the last time the composite contained focus. Or, if the composite has not yet contained the focus, the first element. Widgets that usually employ this pattern include grid and tree grid.
The selected element. Or, if there is no selected element, the first element. Widgets where this pattern is commonly implemented include radio groups, tabs, list boxes, and trees. Note: For radio groups, this pattern is referring to the checked radio button; the selected state is not supported for radio buttons.
The first element. Components that typically follow this pattern include menubars and toolbars.

The following sections explain two strategies for managing focus inside composite elements: creating a roving tabindex and using the aria-activedescendant property.

6.6.1 Managing Focus Within Components Using a Roving tabindex

When using roving tabindex to manage focus in a composite UI component, the element that is to be included in the tab sequence has tabindex of "0" and all other focusable elements contained in the composite have tabindex of "-1". The algorithm for the roving tabindex strategy is as follows.

When the component container is loaded or created, set tabindex="0" on the element that will initially be included in the tab sequence and set tabindex="-1" on all other focusable elements it contains.
When the component contains focus and the user presses a navigation key that moves focus within the component, such as an arrow key:
- set tabindex="-1" on the element that has tabindex="0".
- Set tabindex="0" on the element that will become focused as a result of the key event.
- Set focus, element.focus(), on the element that has tabindex="0".
If the design calls for a specific element to be focused the next time the user moves focus into the composite with Tab or Shift+Tab, check if that target element has tabindex="0" when the composite loses focus. If it does not, set tabindex="0" on the target element and set tabindex="-1" on the element that previously had tabindex="0".

One benefit of using roving tabindex rather than aria-activedescendant to manage focus is that the user agent will scroll the newly focused element into view.

6.6.2 Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant

If a component container has an ARIA role that supports the aria-activedescendant property, it is not necessary to manipulate the tabindex attribute and move DOM focus among focusable elements within the container. Instead, only the container element needs to be included in the tab sequence. When the container has DOM focus, the value of aria-activedescendant on the container tells assistive technologies which element is active within the widget. Assistive technologies will consider the element referred to as active to be the focused element even though DOM focus is on the element that has the aria-activedescendant property. And, when the value of aria-activedescendant is changed, assistive technologies will receive focus change events equivalent to those received when DOM focus actually moves.

The steps for using the aria-activedescendant method of managing focus are as follows.

When the container element that has a role that supports aria-activedescendant is loaded or created, ensure that:
- The container element is included in the tab sequence as described in § 6.5 Keyboard Navigation Between Components (The Tab Sequence) or is a focusable element of a composite that implements a roving tabindex.
- It has aria-activedescendant="IDREF" where IDREF is the ID of the element within the container that should be identified as active when the widget receives focus. The referenced element needs to meet the DOM relationship requirements described below.
When the container element receives DOM focus, draw a visual focus indicator on the active element and ensure the active element is scrolled into view.
When the composite widget contains focus and the user presses a navigation key that moves focus within the widget, such as an arrow key:
- Change the value of aria-activedescendant on the container to refer to the element that should be reported to assistive technologies as active.
- Move the visual focus indicator and, if necessary, scrolled the active element into view.
If the design calls for a specific element to be focused the next time a user moves focus into the composite with Tab or Shift+Tab, check if aria-activedescendant is referring to that target element when the container loses focus. If it is not, set aria-activedescendant to refer to the target element.

The specification for aria-activedescendant places important restrictions on the DOM relationship between the focused element that has the aria-activedescendant attribute and the element referenced as active by the value of the attribute. One of the following three conditions must be met.

The element referenced as active is a DOM descendant of the focused referencing element.
The focused referencing element has a value specified for the aria-owns property that includes the ID of the element referenced as active.
The focused referencing element has role of textbox and has aria-controls property referring to an element with a role that supports aria-activedescendant and either:
1. The element referenced as active is a descendant of the controlled element.
2. The controlled element has a value specified for the aria-owns property that includes the ID of the element referenced as active.

6.7 Focusability of disabled controls

By default, disabled HTML input elements are removed from the tab sequence. In most contexts, the normal expectation is that disabled interactive elements are not focusable. However, there are some contexts where it is common for disabled elements to be focusable, especially inside of composite widgets. For example, as demonstrated in the § 3.15 Menu or Menu bar pattern, disabled items are focusable when navigating through a menu with the arrow keys.

Removing focusability from disabled elements can offer users both advantages and disadvantages. Allowing keyboard users to skip disabled elements usually reduces the number of key presses required to complete a task. However, preventing focus from moving to disabled elements can hide their presence from screen reader users who "see" by moving the focus.

Authors are encouraged to adopt a consistent set of conventions for the focusability of disabled elements. The examples in this guide adopt the following conventions, which both reflect common practice and attempt to balance competing concerns.

For elements that are in the tab sequence when enabled, remove them from the tab sequence when disabled.
For the following composite widget elements, keep them focusable when disabled:
- Options in a Listbox
- Menu items in a Menu or menu bar
- Tab elements in a set of Tabs
- Tree items in a Tree View
For elements contained in a toolbar, make them focusable if discoverability is a concern. Here are two examples to aid with this judgment.
1. A toolbar with buttons for moving, removing, and adding items in a list includes buttons for "Up", "Down", "Add", and "Remove". The "Up" button is disabled and its focusability is removed when the first item in the list is selected. Given the presence of the "Down" button, discoverability of the "Up" button is not a concern.
2. A toolbar in an editor contains a set of special smart paste functions that are disabled when the clipboard is empty or when the function is not applicable to the current content of the clipboard. It could be helpful to keep the disabled buttons focusable if the ability to discover their functionality is primarily via their presence on the toolbar.

One design technique for mitigating the impact of including disabled elements in the path of keyboard focus is employing appropriate keyboard shortcuts as described in § 6.9 Keyboard Shortcuts.

6.8 Key Assignment Conventions for Common Functions

The following key assignments can be used in any context where their conventionally associated functions are appropriate. While the assignments associated with Windows and Linux platforms can be implemented and used in browsers running in macOS, replacing them with macOS assignments in browsers running on a macOS device can make the keyboard interface more discoverable and intuitive for those users. In some cases, it may also help avoid system or browser keyboard conflicts.

Function	Windows/Linux Key	macOS Key
open context menu	`Shift + F10`
Copy to clipboard	`Control + C`	`Command + C`
Paste from clipboard	`Control + V`	`Command + V`
Cut to clipboard	`Control + X`	`Command + X`
undo last action	`Control + Z`	`Command + Z`
Redo action	`Control + Y`	Command + Shift + Z

6.9 Keyboard Shortcuts

When effectively designed, keyboard shortcuts that focus an element, activate a widget, or both can dramatically enhance usability of frequently used features of a page or site. This section addresses some of the keyboard shortcut design and implementation factors that most impact their effectiveness, including:

Understanding how keyboard shortcuts augment a keyboard interface and whether to make a particular shortcut move focus, perform a function, or both.
Making key assignments and avoiding assignment conflicts with assistive technologies, browsers, and operating systems.
Exposing and documenting key assignments.

6.9.1 Designing the Scope and Behavior of Keyboard Shortcuts

This section explains the following factors when determining which elements and features to assign keyboard shortcuts and what behavior to give each shortcut:

Ensuring discovery through navigation; keyboard shortcuts enhance, not replace, standard keyboard access.
Effectively choosing from among the following behaviors:
1. Navigation: Moving focus to an element.
2. Activation: Performing an operation associated with an element that does not have focus and might not be visible.
3. Navigation and activation: Both moving focus to an element and activating it.
Balancing efficiency and cognitive load: lack of a shortcut can reduce efficiency while too many shortcuts can increase cognitive load and clutter the experience.

Before assigning keyboard shortcuts, it is essential to ensure the features and functions to which shortcuts may be assigned are keyboard accessible without a keyboard shortcut. In other words, all elements that could be targets for keyboard shortcuts need to be focusable via the keyboard using the methods described in:

§ 6.5 Keyboard Navigation Between Components (The Tab Sequence)
§ 6.6 Keyboard Navigation Inside Components

Do not use keyboard shortcuts as a substitute for access via navigation. This is essential to full keyboard access because:

The primary means of making functions and their shortcuts discoverable is by making the target elements focusable and revealing key assignments on the element itself.
If people who rely on the keyboard have to read documentation to learn which keys are required to use an interface, the interface may technically meet some accessibility standards but in practice is only accessible to the small subset of them who have the knowledge that such documentation exists, have the extra time available, and the ability to retain the necessary information.
Not all devices that depend on keyboard interfaces can support keyboard shortcuts.

6.9.1.2 Choose Appropriate Shortcut Behavior

The following conventions may help identify the most advantageous behavior for a keyboard shortcut.

Move focus when the primary objective is to make navigation more efficient, e.g., reduce the number of times the user must press Tab or the arrow keys. This behavior is commonly expected when assigning a shortcut to a text box, toolbar, or composite, such as a listbox, tree, grid, or menubar. This behavior is also useful for moving focus to a section of a page, such as the main content or a complementary landmark section.
Activate an element without moving focus when the target context of the function is the context that contains the focus. This behavior is most common for command buttons and for functions associated with elements that are not visible, such as a "Save" option that is accessible via a menu. For example, if the focus is on an option in a listbox and a toolbar contains buttons for moving and removing options, it is most beneficial to keep focus in the listbox when the user presses a key shortcut for one of the buttons in the toolbar. This behavior can be particularly important for screen reader users because it provides confirmation of the action performed and makes performing multiple commands more efficient. For instance, when a screen reader user presses the shortcut for the "Up" button, the user will be able to hear the new position of the option in the list since it still has the focus. Similarly, when the user presses the shortcut for deleting an option, the user can hear the next option in the list and immediately decide whether to press the delete shortcut again.
Move focus and activate when the target of the shortcut has a single function and the context of that function is the same as the target. This behavior is typical when a shortcut is assigned to a button that opens a menu or dialog, to a checkbox, or to a navigation link or button.

6.9.1.3 Choose Where to Add Shortcuts

Work to draft content for this section is tracked in issue 219.

The first goal when designing a keyboard interface is simple, efficient, and intuitive operation with only basic keyboard navigation support. If basic operation of a keyboard interface is inefficient, attempting to compensate for fundamental design issues, such as suboptimal layout or command structure, by implementing keyboard shortcuts will not likely reduce user frustration. The practical implication of this is that, in most well-designed user interfaces, the percentage of functionality that needs to be accessible via a keyboard shortcut in order to create optimal usability is not very high. In many simple user interfaces, keyboard shortcuts can be entirely superfluous. And, in user interfaces with too many keyboard shortcuts, the excess shortcuts create cognitive load that make the most useful ones more difficult to remember.

Consider the following when deciding where to assign keyboard shortcuts:

To be written.

6.9.2 Assigning Keyboard Shortcuts

When choosing the keys to assign to a shortcut, there are many factors to consider.

Making the shortcut easy to learn and remember by using a mnemonic (e.g., Control + S for "Save") or following a logical or spacial pattern.
Localizing the interface, including for differences in which keys are available and how they behave and for language considerations that could impact mnemonics.
Avoiding and managing conflicts with key assignments used by an assistive technology, the browser, or the operating system.

Methods for designing a key shortcut scheme that supports learning and memory is beyond the scope of this guide. Unless the key shortcut scheme is extensive, it is likely sufficient to mimic concepts that are familiar from common desktop software, such as browsers. Similarly, while localization is important, describing how to address it is left to other resources that specialize in that topic.

The remainder of this section provides guidance balancing requirements and concerns related to key assignment conflicts. It is typically ideal if key assignments do not conflict with keys that are assigned to functions in the user's operating system, browser, or assistive technology. Conflicts can block efficient access to functions that are essential to the user, and a perfect storm of conflicts can trap a user. At the same time, there are some circumstances where intentional conflicts are useful. And, given the vast array of operating system, browser, and assistive technology keys, it is almost impossible to be certain conflicts do not exist. So it is also important to employ strategies that mitigate the impact of conflicts whether they are intentional or unknown.

Note

In the following sections, meta key refers to the Windows key on Windows-compatible keyboards and the Command key on MacOS-compatible keyboards.

6.9.2.1 Operating System Key Conflicts

It is essential to avoid conflicts with keys that perform system level functions, such as application and window management and display and sound control. In general, this can be achieved by refraining from the following types of assignments.

Any modifier keys + any of Tab, Enter, Space, or Escape.
Meta key + any other single key (there are exceptions, but they can be risky as these keys can change across versions of operating systems).
Alt + a function key.

In addition, there are some important application level features that most applications, including browsers, generally support. These include:

Zoom
Copy/Paste
... to be continued ...

6.9.2.2 Assistive Technology Key Conflicts

Even though assistive technologies have collectively taken thousands of key assignments, avoiding conflicts is relatively easy. This is because assistive technologies have had to develop key assignment schemes that avoid conflicts with both operating systems and applications. They do this by hijacking specific keys as modifiers that uniquely define their key commands. For example, many assistive technologies use the Caps Lock key as a modifier.

Deflect assistive technology key conflicts by steering clear of the following types of assignments.

Caps Lock + any other combination of keys.
Insert + any combination of other keys.
Scroll Lock + any combination of other keys.
macOS only: Control+Option + any combination of other keys.

6.9.2.3 Browser Key Conflicts

While there is considerable similarity among browser keyboard schemes, the patterns within the schemes are less homogenous. Consequently, it is more difficult to avoid conflicts with browser key assignments. While the impact of conflicts is sometimes mitigated by the availability of two paths to nearly every function -- keyboard accessible menus and keyboard shortcuts, avoiding conflicts with shortcuts to heavily used functions is nonetheless important. Pay special attention to avoiding conflicts with shortcuts to:

Address or location bar
Notification bar
Page refresh
Bookmark and history functions
Find functions

6.9.2.4 Intentional Key Conflicts

While avoiding key conflicts is usually desirable, there are circumstances where intentionally conflicting with a browser function is acceptable or even desirable. This can occur when the following combination of conditions arises:

A web application has a frequently used function that is similar to a browser function.
Users will often want to execute the web application function.
Users will rarely execute the browser function.
There is an efficient, alternative path to the browser function.

For example, consider a save function that is available when the focus is in an editor. Most browsers use ... to be continued ...

Property	Definition
`aria-colcount`	Defines the total number of columns in a `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`.
`aria-rowcount`	Defines the total number of rows in a `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`.
`aria-colindex`	Defines a cell's position with respect to the total number of columns within a `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`. Note: Numbering starts with 1, not 0.
`aria-rowindex`	Defines a cell's position with respect to the total number of rows within a `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`. Note: Numbering starts with 1, not 0.
`aria-colspan`	Defines the number of columns spanned by a cell or gridcell within a `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`.
`aria-rowspan`	Defines the number of rows spanned by a cell or gridcell within a `table`, `grid`, or `treegrid`.
`aria-sort`	Indicates if items in a row or column are sorted in ascending or descending order.

Value	Description
`ascending`	Data are sorted in ascending order.
`descending`	Data are sorted in descending order.
`other`	Data are sorted by an algorithm other than ascending or descending.
`none`	Default (no sort applied).

Property	Definition
`aria-valuemin`	Defines the minimum value allowed by a range widget.
`aria-valuemax`	Defines the maximum value allowed by a range widget.
`aria-valuenow`	Defines the current value of a range widget. This value is a number greater than or equal to `aria-valuemin` and less than or equal to `aria-valuemax` (if they are specified).
`aria-valuetext`	If a numeric value is not sufficiently descriptive, this property can define a text description of the current value of a range widget.

ARIA Role	HTML Equivalent
application	No equivalent element
article	article
blockquote	blockquote
caption	caption
cell	td
code	code
columnheader	th
definition	dd
deletion	del
directory	No equivalent element
document	No equivalent element
emphasis	em
feed	No equivalent element
figure	figure
generic	div, span
group	No equivalent element
heading with aria-level="N" where N is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6	h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
insertion	ins
img	img
list	ul, ol
listitem	li
math	No equivalent element
none	No equivalent element
note	No equivalent element
presentation	No equivalent element
paragraph	p
row	tr
rowgroup	tbody, thead, tfoot
rowheader	th
separator (when not focusable)	hr
strong	strong
subscript	sub
superscript	sup
table	table
term	dfn
time	time
toolbar	No equivalent element
tooltip	No equivalent element

Role	`aria-valuemin` (default)	`aria-valuemax` (default)	`aria-valuemin` (required)	`aria-valuemax` (required)	`aria-valuenow` (required)
`meter`	0	100	No	No	Yes
`progressbar`	0	100	No	No	No
`scrollbar`	0	100	No	No	Yes
`separator` (if focusable)	0	100	No	No	Yes
`slider`	0	100	No	No	Yes
`spinbutton`	None	None	No	No	No

WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.2

W3C Editor's Draft 18 November 2020

Abstract

Status of This Document

1. Introduction

2. Read Me First

2.1 No ARIA is better than Bad ARIA

Principle 1: A role is a promise

Principle 2: ARIA Can Both Cloak and Enhance, Creating Both Power and Danger

2.2 Browser and Assistive Technology Support

2.3 Mobile and Touch Support

3. Design Patterns and Widgets

3.1 Accordion (Sections With Show/Hide Functionality)

Example

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties:

3.2 Alert

Example

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.3 Alert and Message Dialogs

Example

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.4 Breadcrumb

Example

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.5 Button

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.6 Carousel (Slide Show or Image Rotator)

Examples

Terms

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

Basic carousel elements

Tabbed Carousel Elements

Grouped Carousel Elements

3.7 Checkbox

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.8 Combobox

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

Combobox Keyboard Interaction

Listbox Popup Keyboard Interaction

Grid Popup Keyboard Interaction

Tree Popup Keyboard Interaction

Dialog Popup Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.9 Dialog (Modal)

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.10 Disclosure (Show/Hide)

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.11 Feed

Example

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.12 Grids : Interactive Tabular Data and Layout Containers

Examples

Data Grids For Presenting Tabular Information

Keyboard Interaction For Data Grids

Layout Grids for Grouping Widgets

Keyboard Interaction For Layout Grids

Keyboard Interaction - Setting Focus and Navigating Inside Cells

Whether to Focus on a Cell Or an Element Inside It

Editing and Navigating Inside a Cell

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.13 Link

Examples

Keyboard Interaction

WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties

3.14 Listbox